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Celebrate Dairy Month: Honoring the Heart and Hard Work of Dairy Farmers

Celebrate Dairy Month by honoring the dedication of dairy farmers. Discover why their hard work deserves recognition and how you can support them. Ready to learn more?

Every June, communities nationwide unite to celebrate Dairy Month, a tradition rooted in 1937’s National Milk Month. This occasion started to boost milk consumption during peak production but has grown into a month-long celebration of the dairy industry‘s rich heritage and vital contributions. Dairy Month is our chance to honor the hard work, dedication, and resilience of dairy farmers who play an essential role in our lives. 

Dairy Month is more than recognition; it’s a time to reflect on the multifaceted impact of dairy farming on our economy, nutrition, and culture. Acknowledging the farmers’ commitment, we highlight the importance of sustainable practices that benefit our communities and environment. 

Join us as we explain why we should enthusiastically celebrate Dairy Month. We will spotlight the crucial role of dairy farmers and how their efforts enrich our lives. By examining their challenges and achievements, we aim to deepen our appreciation for these unsung heroes of agriculture.

Anchoring Economic Stability and Nutritional Well-Being: The Undeniable Importance of Dairy Farming 

As we embark on Dairy Month, it is crucial to understand the profound impact of dairy farming on our economy, our health, and our communities. By delving into the data, we not only honor the tireless work of dairy farmers but also underscore the importance of their industry. Let’s begin by examining some key statistics that highlight the significance of dairy farming in the United States

Data PointValue
Annual Milk Production (billion pounds)223.1
Number of Dairy Farms31,657
Average Milk Production per Cow (pounds/year)23,149
Total Economic Impact ($ billion)628
Jobs Supported by Dairy Industry3,993,000

In an era of economic instability and health crises, dairy farming remains a pillar of financial stability and nutritional well-being. The agricultural sector, crucial to rural communities and food security, finds a significant champion in dairy farming. This industry supports local economies through robust job creation—over 900,000 direct and more than 2 million total jobs—and integrates deeply into communities through various outreach initiatives. Its economic impact, nearing $200 billion annually, highlights the indispensability of dairy farming in driving national prosperity and sustaining countless families. 

On the nutritional front, dairy products are essential for a balanced diet. For instance, a glass of milk provides about 30% of the daily recommended intake of calcium, which is crucial for bone health. Yogurt, another dairy product, is a good source of probiotics, which promote a healthy gut. These nutrients are crucial for bone health, muscle function, and overall bodily growth. Dairy is a powerful countermeasure in a society plagued by dietary deficiencies and lifestyle diseases, enhancing public health and reinforcing its status as a health imperative. 

Celebrating Dairy Month transcends mere festivity; it is a call to honor the contributions of dairy farming. It underscores the industry’s economic and health benefits, advocating for continued support and appreciation of the dairy farmers who enrich our lives and communities.

Dairy farmers, foundational pillars within their communities, face an intricate web of daily challenges that test their resilience and dedication. Economic pressures are a significant hurdle, driven by fluctuating milk prices, rising operational costs, and international trade dynamics that can abruptly shift market demands. These financial strains are further compounded by the necessity for substantial investments in technology and infrastructure to maintain competitive and sustainable operations. Moreover, climate change poses a significant threat to milk production, with extreme weather events and changing seasons affecting the health and productivity of dairy cows. 

Overcoming Challenges: Labor Shortages and Environmental Responsibilities in Dairy Farming 

The sector grapples with labor shortages, a critical issue threatening farm efficiency. Skilled labor is increasingly scarce, and the demanding nature makes it hard to attract and retain workers. This shortage escalates labor costs and strains farm owners and their families, who often have to fill in the gaps. 

Environmental concerns add complexity. Dairy farmers must responsibly manage land and water resources to balance productivity with sustainability. Stringent regulations target reducing carbon footprints, managing manure, and mitigating farming impacts on ecosystems. Innovations like methane digesters and precision agriculture are solutions but require significant investments and expertise. 

These challenges underscore the unwavering dedication and resilience required in dairy farming. Farmers continually adapt, investing in operations and skills to stay ahead of evolving standards and expectations. Their commitment to feeding nations and supporting economies is a testament to their indomitable spirit, underscoring the importance of recognizing their contributions, especially during Dairy Month.

Weaving Tradition and Community: The Deep Cultural Fabric of Dairy Farming in America 

Dairy farming‘s cultural significance extends beyond economics and is deeply ingrained in various regions’ social fabric. Nationwide, this practice is celebrated as an agricultural pursuit and a heritage cornerstone. In the Midwest, events like Wisconsin’s Dairy Days highlight communal pride and the historical roots of dairy farming, drawing in farmers, families, and tourists, fostering a sense of shared heritage and pride. 

In New Mexico, dairy farming is the top cash crop, tightly woven into the region’s cultural identity and economy. The production of local dairy products like artisanal cheeses is not just a business but a way of preserving our traditions and promoting self-reliance. Farmers markets abound with these products, underscoring sustainability and our commitment to our heritage. 

The Northeast, especially Vermont, boasts a pastoral tradition with family-owned dairy farms maintaining generational stewardship. These farms often hold educational tours and farm-to-table dinners, drawing the public into the dairy farming lifestyle and preserving community bonds. 

Dairy farmers frequently act as community pillars, engaging in volunteer work and local development projects year-round. This community spirit enhances the socio-economic landscape, embedding dairy farming into the essence of local customs. 

By celebrating Dairy Month, we honor these diverse contributions and ensure that dairy farming’s legacy and cultural significance endure.

Consuming with Conscience: The Power of Supporting Local Dairy Farmers 

Supporting dairy farmers through conscious consumer choices is more than a preference; it’s a responsibility. By buying local dairy products, consumers directly uplift their communities. Local purchases ensure fresher products and fewer food miles while sustaining local agriculture and livelihoods. 

Visits to dairy farms reveal the dedication and work ethic of farmers. Many farms provide tours, tastings, and educational events, especially during Dairy Month, offering a profound educational experience about our food’s origins. 

Participating in Dairy Month events like farm tours, meet-and-greets, and product samplings bridges the gap between consumers and farmers. Such events enhance appreciation for the industry and inform consumers about its challenges and contributions. 

Informed consumer choices wield significant power. By prioritizing local and sustainable options, consumers can directly bolster local economies, sustain jobs, and preserve traditions. Celebrating Dairy Month with mindful consumption is not just a celebration but a call to action that honors the resilience and value of the dairy farming industry, empowering consumers to make a difference in their communities. 

The Bottom Line

As we reflect on the dairy farming industry, its profound economic impact, resilience, cultural significance, and the imperative to support local farmers become clear. The industry’s nearly $200 billion contribution to the economy, over 900,000 direct jobs, and more than 2 million total jobs highlight its role as a pillar of financial stability, representing the past and future of our food systems and traditions. 

Celebrating Dairy Month honors the multifaceted benefits of dairy farming. It recognizes the tireless dedication of farmers who feed our nation, sustain economic vibrancy, and uphold rural heritage. 

To the dairy farmers, your unwavering commitment does not go unnoticed. Your resilience and passion nourish our bodies, fortify our communities, and enrich our culture. We extend our deepest gratitude for your relentless dedication and enduring contributions.

Key Takeaways:

  • Financial Stability: Dairy farming bolsters local and national economies by providing consistent employment and contributing to economic growth.
  • Nutritional Well-Being: Dairy products are crucial for a balanced diet, offering essential nutrients like calcium and probiotics for health maintenance.
  • Cultural Heritage: The practice of dairy farming is deeply ingrained in American culture, reflecting values of tradition and community engagement.
  • Labor and Environmental Challenges: The industry faces significant obstacles such as labor shortages and environmental responsibilities, which require innovative solutions and public support.
  • Consumer Impact: Supporting local dairy farmers through informed purchasing decisions positively influences the economy and community well-being.


Summary: Dairy Month, a tradition dating back to 1937, is celebrated every June to honor the dairy industry’s rich heritage and vital contributions. The month-long celebration highlights the hard work, dedication, and resilience of dairy farmers, who play an essential role in our lives. Dairy farming is more than just recognition; it’s a time to reflect on the multifaceted impact of dairy farming on our economy, nutrition, and culture. In an era of economic instability and health crises, dairy farming remains a pillar of financial stability and nutritional well-being. Dairy products are essential for a balanced diet, providing about 30% of the daily recommended calcium intake for bone health. Yogurt, another dairy product, is a good source of probiotics, promoting a healthy gut. Dairy is a powerful countermeasure in a society plagued by dietary deficiencies and lifestyle diseases, enhancing public health and reinforcing its status as a health imperative. Dairy farming faces significant challenges, including labor shortages and environmental responsibilities. Participating in Dairy Month events bridges the gap between consumers and farmers, enhancing appreciation for the industry and informing them about its challenges and contributions.

Essential Tips for Successful Robotic Milking with Fresh Cows: Maximize Milk Production

Maximize milk production with robotic milking. Learn essential tips for managing fresh cows, optimizing diet, and ensuring frequent robot visits. Ready to boost your yield?

Robotic milking systems are revolutionizing the dairy farming landscape, and the success stories are truly inspiring. Consider the case of [Farm A], where the adoption of a robotic milking system led to a remarkable 20% increase in milk production. This achievement was made possible by encouraging cows to visit the robots frequently, a key strategy for optimizing milk production. Frequent visits not only boost milk yield but also enhance overall herd health, reduce stress, and improve cow comfort. These benefits are not just theoretical, they are proven and can be a reality for your dairy farm. 

“Frequent visits to the robotic milker can boost milk yield and improve overall herd health,” notes dairy expert Jamie Salfer, a University of Minnesota Extension educator, 

As a dairy farmer, you are not a mere observer in this process; you are a key player in the success of robotic milking systems. Your role in ensuring cows visit the robots on their own is vital, and you have the power to create the right environment for this. By [maintaining a calm and quiet atmosphere around the robots], you can encourage cows to visit more frequently. This behavior starts in early lactation and is supported by good pre-calving management. Your focus on these areas can unlock the full potential of your robotic milking system, leading to higher milk production and better farm efficiency.

The Foundation of Robotic Milking Success: Fresh Cows and Early Lactation

Early lactation, the period immediately after calving, is a critical phase for the success of a robotic milking system. This is when cows develop habits that greatly influence their willingness to visit milking robots, highlighting the importance of timing and preparation in maximizing milk production. Focusing on early lactation and pre-calving management can inspire higher milk production and better farm efficiency. 

In early lactation, cows naturally have an enormous appetite and higher milk production needs. This drives them to seek food and milk more often. By providing comfort, proper nutrition, and a smooth transition, you encourage cows to visit robots voluntarily, boosting overall production and cow well-being. 

Effective pre-calving management and a robust transition program are not just empty promises; they are provensuccessful strategies. This includes [ensuring cows are in good body condition before calving], [providing a clean and comfortable calving area], and [monitoring cows closely for signs of calving]. These strategies have been tested and have shown promising results. They help fresh cows start healthy and adapt to the robotic system quickly. In short, the more cows visit the robot, the better the milk production and efficiency. So, you can be confident in the effectiveness of these strategies.

Nurturing Success: Essential Precalving Strategies for Robotic Milking 

Success with robotic milking starts before calves even arrive. Key factors include a stocking rate of 80% to 90% for fresh cows and ensuring at least 30 inches of bunk space. This reduces stress and boosts feed intake for a smoother lactation transition. 

A good transition cow program , a set of management practices designed to prepare cows for the transition from dry to lactating, is crucial. Daily monitoring of rumination, activity, and manure is essential to spot health issues early. A balanced diet before calving meets nutritional needs and boosts post-calving intake. By emphasizing the importance of daily monitoring and a balanced diet, you can instill confidence in your ability to optimize milk production. 

Investing in a solid transition program trains cows to voluntarily visit robotic milking systems after calving. This reduces manual work and maximizes milk production, making the automation process much smoother.

Keys to Optimizing Robotic Milking Efficiency: Stocking Rates and Bunk Space 

Maintaining a proper stocking rate, the number of cows per unit of land, is critical to optimizing robotic milking. Ensuring an 80% to 90% stocking rate for refreshed cows creates a less stressful environment, helping cows adapt to the new milking routine. Overcrowding can cause resource competition and stress, reducing visits to the milking robot and lowering productivity. 

Equally important is providing at least 30 inches of bunk space per cow. Adequate space ensures each cow can comfortably access the feed, promoting better partial mixed ration intake (PMR). This supports higher nutritional intake, which is essential for the energy needed for frequent robot visits and high milk production. 

When cows are less stressed and have easy access to nutritious feed, they are more likely to visit the robotic milking system independently. This boosts the system’s overall efficiency and helps increase milk production. Proper stocking rates and bunk space are foundational for a smooth transition to robotic milking and enhanced farm productivity.

Daily Observations: The Cornerstone of Fresh Cow Health and Robotic Milking Readiness 

Regular checks of fresh cows are not just necessary; they are crucial for their health and readiness for robotic milking. Monitoring rumination, the process by which cows chew their cud, activity, and manure daily allows for quick adjustments, ensuring cows are fit for frequent robot visits and high milk production. This emphasizes the need for continuous monitoring and adjustment.

Feeding Success: The Role of Nutrition in Robotic Milking Systems 

A well-balanced diet is fundamental for high post-calving intake. Proper nutrition supports fresh cows’ health and encourages frequent visits to the robotic milking system. 

Fresh cows are sensitive to dietary changes. Providing a consistent and nutrient-rich diet makes a big difference. High-quality feed maintains energy, supports immune function, and ensures healthy digestion. This keeps cows active and engaged, leading to more visits to the milking robot. 

Frequent visits are essential as they boost milk production. Each visit maximizes milk yield and optimizes components like fat and protein. A well-formulated diet greatly enhances the cow’s comfort and willingness to visit the robot. 

A solid nutrition plan is crucial for a robotic milking system. High post-calving intake improves cow health and well-being and encourages behavior that maximizes milk production.

The Central Role of Partial Mixed Rations (PMR) in Robotic Milking Success 

The Partial Mixedration (PMR) delivered to the feedback is crucial to robotic milking systems. The PMR supplies 80% to 90% of the essential nutrients dairy cows need. This ensures cows have a balanced diet, which is vital for their health and milk production. 

Importance of PMR: A consistent, high-quality PMR at the feedback is essential. It gives cows continuous access to necessary nutrients, reducing the risk of metabolic disorders and supporting high milk yields. 

Boosting Milk Production: A well-formulated PMR delivers essential proteins, carbs, fats, vitamins, and minerals. For instance, a balanced PMR might include 16-18% crude protein, 30-35% neutral detergent fiber, 3-4% fat, and a mix of vitamins and minerals. These nutrients sustain peak lactation, maximizing milk output and providing better economic returns. 

Encouraging Robot Visits: The PMR keeps cows healthy and energetic, prompting them to visit the milking robot. The optimized feed composition entices cows to the robot for supplementary feed, creating a positive cycle of frequent milking and higher milk production. A well-formulated PMR can also reduce the risk of metabolic disorders, improve immune function, and support healthy digestion, all of which contribute to higher milk yields.

The Bottom Line

Success with robotic milking starts before calving. Proper pre-calving management and preparing fresh cows for early lactation are crucial. Maintaining the appropriate stocking rates and ensuring enough bunk space lets cows thrive. 

Daily checks of rumination, activity, and manure matter. A balanced diet boosts post-calving intake and promotes frequent robot visits. Partial Mixed Ratios (PMR) are crucial to driving milk production. 

Automated milking aims to meet cows’ needs, keep them healthy, and optimize milk production efficiently. Focusing on these aspects ensures your robotic milking operation runs smoothly and sustainably.

Key Takeaways:

  • Early Lactation is Crucial: Habits formed during early lactation influence the cow’s willingness to visit the robots.
  • Precalving Management Matters: A solid transition cow program is essential to get cows off to a good start.
  • Optimal Stocking Rates: Aim for a stocking rate of 80% to 90% for prefresh cows to encourage voluntary robot visits.
  • Bunk Space Requirements: Ensure at least 30 inches of bunk space per cow to prevent overcrowding and stress.
  • Daily Monitoring: Pay close attention to rumination, activity, and manure to keep fresh cows healthy.
  • Nutritional Focus: A good diet and precalving management promote high post-calving intake, leading to more visits to the robot and increased milk production.
  • Importance of PMR: Partial Mixed Rations are indispensable for maintaining high milk production and encouraging robot visits.


Summary: Robotic milking systems are transforming dairy farming by increasing milk production by 20%. This success is attributed to the optimal environment for cows to visit the robots, which can boost milk yield, herd health, reduce stress, and improve cow comfort. Dairy farmers play a crucial role in the success of robotic milking systems by creating the right environment for cows to visit the robots. Early lactation is crucial as cows develop habits that influence their willingness to visit the robots. Key factors for success include a stocking rate of 80% to 90% for fresh cows and at least 30 inches of bunk space. A good transition cow program and a balanced diet before calving meet nutritional needs and boost post-calving intake. Optimizing robotic milking efficiency involves maintaining a proper stocking rate, providing at least 30 inches of bunk space per cow, and monitoring rumination daily.

Decoding the Impact of Housing Systems on Digital Dermatitis in Dairy Cows: A Genetic Study

Delve into the influence of housing systems on digital dermatitis in dairy cows. Could genetic evaluations pave the way for enhanced bovine health across varied living conditions? Uncover the research insights here.

Imagine walking barefoot on gravel daily; the discomfort of digital dermatitis (DD) in dairy cows feels similar. This painful hoof disease significantly hampers cows’ mobility, milk production, and the economic health of dairy farms. 

The environment in which cows are housed plays a critical role in DD’s incidence and severity. Housing systems such as conventional cubicle barns (CON) and compost-bedded pack barns (CBPB) have distinct impacts on disease management. Understanding these housing-related nuances is vital for farmers and researchers working to reduce DD’s impact. 

This research utilizes detailed phenotyping data from over 2,980 observations of Holstein-Friesian and Fleckvieh-Simmental cows on ten farms. It investigates the genetic variances linked to DD stages: sick, acute, and chronic. Through genome-wide association studies (GWAS), the study identifies potential candidate genes and assesses genotype × housing system interactions. This comprehensive analysis seeks to uncover genetic factors that can inform breeding programs and enhance animal welfare, regardless of their rearing environment. 

Introduction: Understanding Digital Dermatitis in Dairy Cows

Digital Dermatitis (DD) is an infectious disease impacting the bovine foot, particularly the plantar skin bordering the interdigital cleft. This condition ranges from initial lesions to chronic, painful wounds, affecting dairy cows‘ mobility and well-being. 

The development of DD involves a mix of environmental, genetic, and management factors. Housing systems, especially conventional cubicle barns, create conditions ripe for DD, with moisture and contamination fostering pathogen growth. Nutritional imbalances, poor foot hygiene, and milking routines further increase risk. Notably, genetic predispositions also play a role; some cattle lines are more susceptible, emphasizing the need for genetic research to combat DD. 

The economic and welfare impacts of DD are significant. Economically, it causes losses through reduced milk production, higher veterinary costs, and culling of severely affected cows. Welfare-wise, the pain and lameness from DD seriously affect cattle comfort and health, raising ethical concerns in livestock management. Therefore, addressing DD with better housing, management practices, and genetic selection is crucial for sustainable dairy farming.

Exploring Housing Systems: Cubicle Barns vs. Compost-Bedded Pack Barns

Housing systems play a pivotal role in dairy productivity and cow health and welfare. The primary systems include conventional cubicle barns (CON) and compost-bedded pack barns (CBPB), each impacting the Prevalence and severity of digital dermatitis (DD). 

In CON setups, cows rest on mats or mattresses over concrete floors. This controlled environment supports restful ruminating but can worsen claw disorders due to constant exposure to manure and poor ventilation. Conversely, CBPB systems offer cows a spacious environment with composting bedding of sawdust or wood shavings, which is more comfortable and supports better hoof health by reducing pathogens through microbial activity. 

The flooring material is crucial. Concrete floors in CON systems retain moisture and manure, fostering bacteria that cause DD. CBPB systems’ drier, more sanitary bedding leads to fewer DD incidences. 

Hygiene practices, essential for DD control, differ by system. CON systems require regular scraping and washing, while CBPB systems depend on managing bedding moisture and microbial activity. Both approaches aim to reduce bacterial loads and curb DD spread. 

Cow comfort, dictated by the housing system, also affects DD prevalence. CBPB’s spacious, free-roaming environment reduces stress and improves immune function, making cows less prone to DD. In contrast, CON systems’ restrictiveness can increase anxiety and susceptibility to claw disorders. 

In summary, the choice between cubicle barns and compost-bedded pack barns significantly impacts cow health and the incidence of DD. Prioritizing comfort and hygiene in housing systems leads to healthier, more productive cows with fewer claw disorders.

Unveiling Genetic Interactions Between Housing Systems and Digital Dermatitis in Dairy Cows

ParameterConventional Cubicle Barns (CON)Compost-Bedded Pack Barns (CBPB)Overall Dataset
Number of Observations1,4501,5302,980
Number of Cows8118991,710
DD-Sick Prevalence (%)HigherLower20.47%
DD-Acute Prevalence (%)HigherLower13.88%
DD-Chronic Prevalence (%)HigherLower5.34%
Heritability – DD-Sick0.160.160.16
Heritability – DD-Acute0.140.140.14
Heritability – DD-Chronic0.110.110.11
Genetic Correlation (CON and CBPB) – Same Traits~0.80N/A
Genetic Correlation – Within Traits (DD-Sick, DD-Acute, DD-Chronic)0.58 – 0.81
Significant Candidate Genes for DD-Sick and DD-Acute (SNP Main Effects)METTL25, AFF3, PRKG1, TENM4
Significant Candidate Genes (SNP × Housing System Interaction)ASXL1, NOL4L (BTA 13)

The genetic study on digital dermatitis (DD) in dairy cows examined the influence of different housing systems on the disease. This research aimed to understand the interaction between cow genotypes and their environments. It focused on DD stages—DD-sick, DD-acute, and DD-chronic—in conventional cubicle barns (CON) and compost-bedded pack barns (CBPB). Herds were selected to ensure similarities in climate, feeding, and milking systems. Still, they differed in housing setups to isolate housing-specific impacts on DD. 

Using 2,980 observations from 1,710 cows and 38,495 SNPs from 926 genotyped cows after quality control, the study employed single-step approaches for single-trait repeatability animal models and bivariate models to estimate genetic parameters and correlations. GWAS identified specific SNPs and their interactions with housing systems. Heritabilities for DD stages and genetic correlations between the same traits in different housing systems were also calculated. 

Results showed higher DD prevalence in CON systems compared to CBPB. Heritabilities were 0.16 for DD-sick, 0.14 for DD-acute, and 0.11 for DD-chronic, with a slight increase in CON. Genetic correlations between the same DD traits in different housing systems were around 0.80, indicating minimal genotype × housing system interactions. Correlations among DD stages ranged from 0.58 to 0.81, showing their interconnectedness regardless of the housing system. 

GWAS results were varied for DD-acute and DD-chronic, indicating complex pathogenesis. Candidate genes affecting disease resistance or immune response included METTL25, AFF3, PRKG1, and TENM4 for DD-sick and DD-acute. SNP × housing system interactions highlighted ASXL1 and NOL4L on BTA 13 for DD-sick and DD-acute. 

For dairy farmers, these findings underline the impact of housing systems on the Prevalence and progression of DD and the potential genetic implications. Our comprehensive study provides actionable insights for dairy farmers globally. 

Notably, DD prevalence was significantly higher in CON, highlighting the challenging environment of cubicle barns compared to the more welfare-oriented CBPB system. These insights are crucial as they affect animal health and have economic ramifications, including reduced milk production and increased treatment costs. 

We examined genetic evaluations across these environments and found that heritabilities for DD traits (DD-sick, DD-acute, DD-chronic) were slightly higher in the CON system. Still, overall genetic parameters remained consistent across both systems. Despite different housing practices, the genetic predisposition to DD remains relatively stable. 

Genetic correlations between different DD stages (ranging from 0.58 to 0.81) suggest a common underlying genetic resistance mechanism crucial for developing targeted breeding programs. Furthermore, GWAS pinpointed several candidate genes, such as METTL25, AFF3, PRKG1, and TENM4, with significant implications for disease resistance and immunology. 

This research underscores the importance of genotype-environment interactions, even though these were minimal in housing systems. Integrating genomic insights with practical management strategies can improve animal well-being and farm productivity as the dairy industry evolves. 

By applying these findings, dairy farmers can make informed decisions about housing systems and genetic selection, enhancing economic and animal health outcomes. This study calls for the industry to adopt evidence-based practices rooted in rigorous scientific research.

Genetic Evaluations: From Genotypes to Phenotypes

The research meticulously analyzed data from 1,311 Holstein-Friesian and 399 Fleckvieh-Simmental cows, totaling 2,980 observations across three digital dermatitis (DD) stages: DD-sick, DD-acute, and DD-chronic. This granular phenotyping clarifies how DD stages manifest in different environments. By categorizing it into conventional cubicle barns (CON) and compost-bedded pack barns (CBPB), the study highlights the environmental impact on genetic expressions related to DD. 

Quality control of 50K SNP genotypes refined the data to 38,495 SNPs from 926 cows. This dataset formed the basis for estimating genetic parameters through single-step approaches. The genetic correlations between DD traits and housing systems uncovered genotype × environment (G×E) interactions. 

Heritability estimates were 0.16 for DD-sick, 0.14 for DD-acute, and 0.11 for DD-chronic, indicating the genetic influence. Notably, these estimates and genetic variances slightly rose in the more stressful CON environment, indicating heightened genetic differentiation under challenging conditions. Genetic correlations between the same DD traits across different housing systems were around 0.80, showing minimal G×E interactions. 

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) revealed heterogeneous Manhattan plots for DD-acute and DD-chronic traits, indicating complex biological pathways. Despite this, several shared candidate genes like METTL25, AFF3, PRKG1, and TENM4 were identified, showing their potential role in managing DD through genetic selection. 

For SNP × housing system interactions, genes such as ASXL1 and NOL4L on chromosome 13 were relevant for DD-sick and DD-acute. These findings illustrate how specific genetic markers interact with environmental factors. Overall, the minimal impact of genotype × housing system interactions supports robust genetic evaluations for DD across diverse environments, aiding broader genetic selection strategies in dairy cow populations. 

The Bottom Line

This study highlights the importance of detailed phenotyping and genetic evaluations in understanding digital dermatitis (DD) in dairy cows. By examining 1,710 Holstein-Friesian and Fleckvieh-Simmental cows in conventional cubicle barns (CON) and compost-bedded pack barns (CBPB), the research provided crucial insights into the Prevalence and heritability of DD. It found slightly higher genetic differentiation in the more challenging CON environment but minimal genotype × housing system interactions, indicating a limited impact on genetic assessments. Essential genes like METTL25, AFF3, PRKG1, and TENM4 were identified as necessary for disease resistance and immunology. 

Understanding how housing systems affect DD is crucial. It helps improve management practices to reduce DD prevalence, enhancing cow welfare and farm productivity. It also improves genetic selection by identifying traits that enhance DD resistance in specific environments, benefiting long-term herd health and sustainability. This insight is vital for today’s dairy operations and future breeding programs. 

Future research should delve into the long-term impact of housing systems on genetic traits linked to DD resistance. Exploring other environmental and management factors, like nutrition and milking routines, would offer a fuller understanding of DD. Personalized genetic interventions tailored to specific farm environments could be a game-changer in managing this disease in dairy cows.

Key Takeaways:

  • The study analyzed 2,980 observations of DD stages, differentiating between DD-sick, DD-acute, and DD-chronic across two housing systems: conventional cubicle barns (CON) and compost-bedded pack barns (CBPB).
  • Heritabilities for DD were slightly higher in the CON environment, suggesting a stronger genetic differentiation of the disease in more challenging conditions.
  • Despite varying heritabilities, genetic correlations between the same DD traits in different housing systems were high, indicating minimal genotype × housing system interactions.
  • GWAS highlighted significant candidate genes such as METTL25, AFF3, and PRKG1, which play roles in disease resistance and immunology.
  • This research underscores the importance of considering housing systems in genetic evaluations to enhance disease management and improve cow welfare.


Summary: Digital Dermatitis (DD) is a severe hoof disease that affects dairy cows’ mobility, milk production, and farm economic health. Housing systems like conventional cubicle barns (CON) and compost-bedded pack barns (CBPB) have distinct impacts on disease management. CON setups, which support restful ruminating but can worsen claw disorders due to constant exposure to manure and poor ventilation, have higher DD-sick prevalence than CBPB systems (5.34%). Both approaches aim to reduce bacterial loads and curb DD spread. CBPB’s spacious, free-roaming environment reduces stress and improves immune function, making cows less prone to DD. A study found higher DD prevalence in CON systems compared to CBPB. Understanding how housing systems affect DD is crucial for improving management practices, enhancing cow welfare, and improving genetic selection.

Strategic Sand Management: Ensuring Comfort for Cows and Cleanliness in Fields

Learn the art of managing sand bedding efficiently for your dairy cows. Ensure sand remains where it’s beneficial and out of places it shouldn’t be. Are you prepared to enhance the performance of your dairy farm?

Imagine a dairy farm where cows rest in clean bedding, fields thrive, and farmers work efficiently. This can be achieved with effective sand management. By ensuring that cows have a comfortable resting place, we not only promote their well-being but also enhance their productivity. Properly managing sand in bedding and fields ensures healthier cows, better crops, and smoother farming operations

Good sand bedding is not just about comfort; it’s about health. It reduces lameness and mastitis for dairy cows, creating a healthier environment. Fields benefit from sand management by reducing soil compaction and enhancing nutrient distribution, which is essential for crop yields. This shows the importance of a balanced sand-use approach, benefiting animal welfare and crop production. 

Farmers also gain numerous advantages. In addition to healthier cows, effective sand management is a smart financial move. It cuts costs and boosts farm efficiency. By using sand wisely, farmers can minimize waste, lower bedding expenses, and maintain fertile fields. These practices support sustainable farming, a key goal in agriculture today. 

Ready to optimize your sand bedding management? Here are some strategies to create a comfortable environment for your cows, reduce waste, and improve operations. Read on for a deeper dive into enhancing sand bedding management for healthier cows and more efficient farming.

Ensuring Cow Comfort: The Role of Proper Bedding

In the modern dairy farm, the choice of bedding material is not just a matter of convenience but a crucial factor that directly impacts the health and productivity of the herd. To help illustrate the comparative benefits and drawbacks of various bedding options, we have compiled a chart that evaluates their performance based on comfort, cost, and ease of use. 

Bedding TypeComfortCostEase of Use
SandHighMediumMedium
StrawModerateLowHigh
SawdustModerateMediumHigh
MattressesVariableHighHigh
Recycled Manure Solids (RMS)HighLowMedium

The Benefits of Sand Bedding 

Sand is an excellent bedding material due to its cushioning and support. The specific gradation of sand used in stalls is vital for its effectiveness. Proper sand offers a level surface that evenly distributes the cow’s weight, reducing pressure points and minimizing risks like hock lesions and mastitis. 

However, sand management is equally crucial. Poor maintenance can lead to compacted or contaminated sand, resulting in uncomfortable resting areas and spreading pathogens. Inconsistent sand surfaces can stress and injure cows as they lie down and rise. Effective sand management is essential to maintain the benefits of this bedding material.

Advantages of Pristine Pastures

Clean fields are crucial for cow health and high-quality milk production. Clean sand bedding in dairy operations helps reduce mastitis, a costly udder infection, by providing a comfortable and hygienic resting place for cows. 

Incorrect handling of sand can lead to contamination with manure and bacteria, compromising its safety and effectiveness. Sand-laden dairy manure (SLDM) can infiltrate bedding and fields, requiring strict management. Contaminated sand increases the risk of infections, leading to higher veterinary costs and reduced milk yield. 

Dirty sand affects fields by altering soil structure and fertility. Sand with fine particles and organic material introduces high levels of nitrogen and phosphorus, disrupting nutrient balance and possibly causing soil compaction and poor crop growth. Proper sand management is essential for cow health and the land’s long-term productivity.

Strategies for Effective Sand Management

Managing sand in dairy facilities is crucial for efficiency and cow well-being. One key strategy is regular sand sifting and cleaning. This helps keep sand beds pure, separating manure and fines from reusable sand, maintaining hygiene and comfort, and boosting cow health and productivity

Proper drainage systems are also vital to prevent sand buildup in fields. Good drainage extends sand bedding usability and ensures better field conditions and environmental compliance. More details on sand bedding are available. 

Investing in high-quality sand for cow bedding is essential. The choice between natural and manufactured sand affects particle size and fines presence, impacting manure handling and bedding effectiveness. Quality sand can enhance comfort, aid in manure separation, reduce replacement frequency, and save costs.

Mastering the Art of Sand Management: Overcoming Hurdles and Implementing Solutions

One of the main challenges in sand management is choosing between natural sand and manufactured alternatives. Natural sand, with its rounded particles and consistent texture, usually offers better comfort and drainage. However, it can be expensive and environmentally harmful to extract. While controlled in size, manufactured sand may need extra processing to match natural sand’s benefits in cow comfort and manure separation. The choice should balance performance and environmental concerns. 

Quantifying sand material in dairy facilities involves sand sieve analysis and particle-size assessments. Samples must meet specific bedding standards focused on particle size and low acceptable content. Sands with fewer fines separate more easily from Sand-Laden Dairy Manure (SLDM), reducing operational issues and making the sand reusable. 

Managing SLDM usually involves mechanical sand manure separation or large basin sedimentation systems. Mechanical systems are efficient and space-saving but need regular upkeep and are costly upfront. Sedimentation in basins is effective and low-tech but requires a lot of space and periodic cleaning. The choice depends on the facility’s size, budget, and maintenance capabilities. 

Despite these challenges, sand bedding offers significant benefits. It ensures cow comfort, provides optimal support, and reduces bacterial growth, improving herd health and productivity. Properly managed, sand bedding integrates well into manure handling systems, aiding efficient waste processing and nutrient management. For detailed guidelines, the PRODAIRY facilities website (www.prodairyfacilities.cornell.edu) provides extensive sand-laden dairy manure handling resources.

Innovative Strategies for Keeping Sand Where It’s Needed

Use high-quality screened sand to keep sand within dairy cow stalls. This sand has larger particles removed, ensuring uniform consistency, improving comfort, and reducing drainage clogs. Screened sand also minimizes fines—small particles that can block drainage—helping keep stalls dry and healthy. 

Stalls with sand bedding need a different design than those with mattresses or rubber mats. Important design features include sufficient sand depth, effective drainage systems, and barriers to keep the sand in place. Matching stall design with bedding properties enhances cow comfort and stall hygiene. 

Using mechanical sand separators and reclamation systems can help collect and clean sand from manure for reuse. This approach provides a steady supply of clean bedding and reduces sand use and waste management costs. Regularly monitoring the sand quality ensures these systems work efficiently. 

Maintaining stalls and replenishing sand regularly is also critical. Routine checks and quick repairs of drainage issues can prevent significant problems. By adopting these strategies, dairy farm operators can effectively manage sand, creating a healthier environment for their cows.

Field Management: Ensuring Sand Stays Out of Pastures

Maintaining optimal field conditions means keeping sand confined to bedding areas and out of pastures. The type of sand plays a crucial role. Certified Concrete Sand, recommended for its lower acceptable content, ensures better drainage and easier separation from sand-laden dairy manure (SLDM). In contrast, Non-Certified Mason Sand compacts within stall bases complicate handling. 

Preventing sand runoff requires robust containment practices, including well-designed stalls and efficient manure management systems. Mechanical sand-manure separators or large sedimentation basins can reduce sand escaping into the farm environment. Resources on the PRODAIRY facilities website offer valuable guidance on handling SLDM. 

Regular monitoring and maintenance are vital. Sedimentation basins should be regularly cleaned, and mechanical separators checked. Stalls should be explicitly designed to reduce the spread of sand bedding. 

Consider broader environmental impacts. Sand infiltrating pastures disrupts soil structure and affects productivity. Buffer zones and robust drainage systems can capture sand before reaching pastureland, protecting the farm environment and the broader ecosystem.

The Bottom Line

Effective sand management is crucial for keeping dairy cows comfortable and maintaining clean, productive fields. Proper sand bedding improves cow comfort, reducing stress and boosting herd health. It also minimizes negative impacts on fields, supporting sustainable farming practices

Good sand management benefits both cows and crops. Healthier cows mean higher milk production and lower veterinary costs. Clean fields free of excess sand result in better crop yields and soil quality, leading to sustainability. Prioritizing sand management helps farmers balance cow comfort with field cleanliness, underscoring its importance in the dairy farming community

Therefore, dairy farmers should focus on sand management, understanding that controlling sand bedding and its impact on fields is critical to successful and sustainable farming. Ensuring cow comfort and clean fields improves both animal welfare and farm productivity.

Key Takeaways:

  • Sand bedding improves cow comfort by reducing pressure points and the risk of lameness and mastitis.
  • Effective sand management minimizes environmental impact and maintenance costs.
  • Proper sand bedding distribution enhances animal welfare and farm efficiency.
  • Investment in high-quality sand and effective drainage systems is crucial for long-term benefits.
  • Strategic management of sand in fields prevents contamination and supports crop health.

Summary: Sand management is crucial for dairy farms to promote cow well-being, reduce lameness and mastitis, and enhance crop yields. A balanced sand-use approach benefits animal welfare, reduces costs, increases farm efficiency, and reduces waste. Proper sand bedding distributes cow weight evenly, reducing pressure points and risks like hock lesions and mastitis. Poor maintenance can lead to compacted or contaminated sand, causing discomfort and spreading pathogens. Clean sand bedding reduces mastitis by providing a comfortable resting place for cows. Proper drainage systems prevent sand buildup, extending sand bedding usability and ensuring better field conditions and environmental compliance. Investing in high-quality sand is essential, as the choice between natural and manufactured sand affects particle size and fines presence, impacting manure handling and bedding effectiveness.

Caught Between Your Cattle And A Court Case

“Although only binding law in Wisconsin, a particular case between an insurance company and a dairy farmer, raises an important issue that all farmers and ranchers need to be aware of.”

When we hear about legal cases concerning manure, the usual expectation is that it will have something to do with odor and air pollution. However, in this case, which went all the way from the local court to the Supreme Court of Wisconsin,  it was ground water pollution, not air pollution that triggered the conflict. The question that the whole case resolved around was, “Is manure a fertilizer or a contaminant?” At each level, there were different answers. If you think, this is too fine a distinction to argue over, you’re probably thinking in a way that could have you on the wrong side of a court decision in the future.

The Court Case –Wilson Mutual Insurance Co. v. Falk, (Cases No. 2013AP691 & 2013AP776)

In this particular case, the Court found a Wisconsin dairy farmer, who allegedly caused groundwater contamination by spreading manure on his fields, was not covered by a farm liability insurance policy. The allegation was that the farmer had contaminated the underground aquifer and several neighboring wells.

The Defendant Had Done his Homework

In looking back at what preceded the court case, it is interesting to learn that the Falks had actually tried to be prepared for any eventuality.  Along with their agronomist, the Falks had developed a nutrient management plan to govern their use of manure as fertilizer. The plan was approved by the county conservation office. All was well.  Or was it? When they faced lawsuits, the Falks turned to their insurance company, Wilson Mutual Insurance Co., with whom they had a farm liability policy providing coverage for property damage or bodily injury. And this is when the unexpected happened.

The “Pollution Exclusion” Clause

With the close scrutiny of impending legal action, it was discovered that the policy contained a “pollution exclusion” clause.  This clause stated that coverage was excluded for damages if they resulted from the “actual, alleged, or threatened discharge, dispersal, seepage, migration, release, or escape of pollutants into or upon land, water or air.” The exclusion defined “pollutant” as a “solid, liquid, or gaseous irritant or contaminant, including waste.” At that point, the insurance company filed a declaratory judgment action, requesting the court to determine whether the pollution exclusion clause in the Falks’ policy applied to the claims related to groundwater contamination from manure.

Trial Court, Court of Appeals, Supreme Court. Three Courts. Three Decisions.

The Trial Court found for the insurance company.  In this case, the ruling was that manure was unambiguously a pollutant as defined by the policy.

The Wisconsin Court of Appeals reversed the first court’s decision. The reasoning that a “reasonable farmer would not consider ‘manure’ to be a ‘pollutant.’” Indeed, the Court of Appeals noted, in Wisconsin, most farmers would consider cow manure to be “liquid gold.”

The insurance company then appealed to the Wisconsin Supreme Court.

The Wisconsin Supreme Court reversed and sided with the insurance company. Rather than looking generally at manure used to fertilize fields, the court focused on “whether manure is a pollutant at the point it entered the injured parties’ wells.” In the Court’s view, it was not the spreading of manure that caused the problem, but rather the seepage of manure into the aquifer. “A reasonable insured would not view manure as universally present and generally harmless when present in a well….A reasonable insured may not consider manure safely applied on a field to be a pollutant; however, a reasonable insured would consider manure in a well to be a pollutant. Just because manure may be beneficial when spread on a field, does not mean it is not a pollutant.” Based on this rationale, the court found manure is a pollutant as defined by the exclusion, and that the Falks could not rely on their farm policy to provide coverage for the lawsuits.

Similar Case. Similar Result.

There have been other cases from Iowa and New York that are in accord with the Falk ruling. In

New York in 1997, a dairy farm was sued for allegedly contaminating wells by the use of manure as fertilizer. There, the New York Appellate Division sided with the insurer, finding that while liquid manure may not always be a pollutant, it was where it leached into the groundwater supply. See Space v. Farm Family Mut. Ins. Co. 652 N.W.S. 2d 357 (N.Y. App. Div. 1997).

There have been other cases in the U.S. with a similar variety of results.  The issue isn’t the findings, but the rising number of conflicts that are finding their way into the court system.

What’s the Best Policy? Avoid Confusion AND Exclusion

The Wisconsin case matters to dairy and other livestock farmers elsewhere:

  1. This issue is crucial for farmers who may be faced with a defending a lawsuit with no assistance from their insurance company. If an applicable exclusion exists, that means that the insurance company is neither under no obligation to pay a judgment entered against the farmer nor is the company required to provide legal defense for a farmer. The costs of a lawsuit alone, much less the potential amount of a verdict, poses significant risks for farm All farmers who could even potentially face suit over odor or manure should review their policy to determine whether a pollution exclusion exists and then seek advice from their insurance agent and attorney to determine what might be done to extend coverage to manure and/or odors, such as an additional rider or pollution policy.
  2. The fact that similar cases involving the application of pollution exclusions to manure and odor from farms have arisen in various states across the country indicates it is a common occurring problem.
  3. More generally, this case is an excellent example of the importance of reviewing and understanding an insurance policy and its exclusions. It is critical that farmers know what coverage their policy offers and what limitations may exist.

A Quick Look at Similar Issues Around the World

This is one aspect of dairy farming that has been in the courts and/or with the rule makers in other countries much longer than it has been in North America. Although the issues may not be specific to exclusions, the lesson to be learned is that management of manure is not going to go away.  With growing populations and concerns of those whose properties are affected by agricultural practices, it is totally unrealistic to think that this is just a fad that will lose momentum.

In the Netherlands, numerous acts have been passed since the mid-eighties to try to address the excess minerals problems. The first law (1983) was the Interim Law for Restricting Pig and Poultry Farms. It prohibited the start-up or expansion of such farms in sandy soil regions but proved ineffective in preventing increases in animal numbers. The Manure Law and the Soil Protection Act replaced it and introduced manure bookkeeping. It took a 3-phase approach.  Phase II of this approach however was proving to be unrealistic in trying to meet the EC’s Nitrate Directive. In late 1995, a new manure and ammonia policy was developed, and is mainly what is being followed now. The primary act in force now is generally termed the Act on Manures and Fertilizers. It receives periodic revisions and fine-tuning.

In England, there has been a Pilot Nitrate Scheme since 1990.  It was replaced in 1995 with the Nitrate Sensitive Areas (NSA) scheme. A total area of 35,000 ha within 32 NSA’s were affected, and these areas all fell within the category of Nitrate Vulnerable Zones as classified under the EC (European Commission) Nitrate Directive. Regulations relating to the structural strength of concrete and steel manure storage tanks are in place. Generally, concrete and steel tanks are not the preferred storage system due to their cost. Earthen storage facilities are required to meet minimum hydraulic conductivity prior to use. All storage facilities must have an expected life of 20 years. The minimum required storage capacity is four months.

Also in place is the “Code of Good Agricultural Practice for the Protection of Water”.

Some key requirements for the code are as follows:

  • Manure nitrogen application rates should not exceed 250 kg N/ha/year
  • Manure should not be spread within 10 meters of a watercourse or 50 meters of a well
  • The maximum recommended liquid manure application rate is 4500 gal/ac. A minimum three-week period between such applications is recommended.

At this writing, I have not researched how many court cases or verdicts have been rendered in upholding these regulations. However, once again, it isn’t “if” there will be more court cases, it is “when”!

The Bullvine Bottom Line

It is critical that farmers know what current coverage their policy offers and what limitations may exist. Have an attorney review your policy and advise on what activities are covered and what specific exclusions exist. It’s important to review your policy and carefully evaluate the potential applicability to your operation! Don’t get caught between your livestock and a court case!

 

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