longevity

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Archive for longevity

DFC Research Review 2023: Breakthroughs and Future Directions in Dairy Science IRCs

Monday, July 8th, 2024

Learn about the newest discoveries in dairy science! How are IRCs making cattle healthier, happier, and more sustainable? Check out DFC’s 2023 research highlights now.

The development of the dairy sector depends on creativity and conquering new difficulties. How can we guarantee that dairy farming’s bright future will be sustainable? The successes and opportunities of Industrial Research Chairs (IRCs) in dairy research are discussed along with future possibilities in this paper. Spending $2 million yearly in research, the Dairy Farmers of Canada (DFC) works with the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) and many partners. With an eye on essential areas such as dairy cow health, welfare, longevity, infectious illness, and biosecurity, this funding supports the National Dairy Research Strategy. Acknowledging these IRCs emphasizes their role in determining the direction of dairy production.

See full report here DFC 2023 research highlights report,

Fueling Innovation: DFC’s $2 Million Annual Investment Elevates Dairy Research and Industry Contributions.

Every year, the Dairy Farmers of Canada (DFC) commits $2 million to progress dairy production research, human health, and nutrition. This significant investment illustrates DFC’s dedication to creativity and improvement of the dairy sector’s social contributions. By focusing these funds on scientific research, DFC hopes to provide practical solutions benefiting consumers and industry stakeholders.

The National Dairy Research Strategy is the core of these initiatives. It’s a framework that identifies important topics of investigation. This approach prioritizes sustainability, human nutrition, and dairy cow health and welfare, among other things. The aim is to support sustainable dairy production, lower health hazards, and emphasize the nutritional value of dairy products.

To finance initiatives tackling significant problems and grabbing fresh possibilities, DFC works with top academic institutions, business partners, and government organizations. This deliberate method guarantees that research produces practical applications, promotes industrial development, and improves public welfare. Thus, the National Dairy Research Strategy dramatically enhances the resilience and competitiveness of Canada’s dairy industry.

Industrial Research Chairs: Catalysts for Progress through Collaborative Research

Industrial Research Chairs (IRCs) are vital in advancing the dairy sector by encouraging cooperation. Supported by academic institutions, industry partners, and government agencies such as the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) and the Dairy Farmers of Canada (DFC), IRCs address high-priority dairy sector challenges through focused research projects.

IRCs’ power is in organizing many research initiatives within a shared framework. Leading networks spanning scientists, veterinarians, industry leaders, and legislators by chairholders and subject-matter experts help. This convergence of many points of view directs research activities to address sector problems.

Dairy sector concerns, including dairy cow health, welfare, biosecurity, and sustainability, rank highest among IRCs. Through a diverse strategy, they create creative ideas for application in the sector, fostering resilience and ongoing development.

Moreover, knowledge translation and transfer (KTT) depends much on IRCs. They provide study results to dairy producers, consultants, and industry players through podcasts, webinars, and trade magazines. This guarantees that the most recent scientific developments are practical and readily available, promoting the dairy sector’s expansion and sustainability.

Transforming Dairy Health: The Five-Year NSERC IRC on Infectious Diseases in Dairy Cattle, Led by Dr. Herman Barkema at the University of Calgary (2019-2024)

Under Dr. Herman Barkema of the University of Calgary (2019–2024), the five-year NSERC IRC on Infectious Illnesses in Dairy Cattle aimed to change how infectious illnesses are handled in the dairy sector. This project sought to improve herd health, welfare, and production using innovative research and pragmatic solutions.

The IRC tackled significant problems with an eye toward:

Knowing Johne’s disease’s epidemiology, diagnosis, and control strategies helps one.
We are developing early identification, prevention, and treatment plans for mastitis.
Investigating use trends and advocating sensible substitutes help to address antimicrobial resistance.
Veterinarian-Farmer Communication: Increasing dialogue can help to guide decisions and control diseases.
We are examining how outdoor access affects illness frequency and the general state of health.

The effort produced noteworthy results that shaped policies and best practices throughout the dairy industry. For instance, the IRC on Infectious Diseases in Dairy Cattle, led by Dr. Herman Barkema, significantly improved herd health, welfare, and production. The cooperative research strategy reinforced strong linkages between academics, on-farm applications, and industry stakeholders, promoting a resilient and health-conscious dairy sector.

Using DFC’s knowledge-translation tools, industry conferences, and scientific publications, results from this IRC have been extensively disseminated to guarantee significant distribution throughout the Canadian dairy scene.

25 Years of Advancement: Celebrating UBC Animal Welfare Program’s Groundbreaking Contributions

Approaching a significant turning point in animal care, the UBC Animal Care Program has advanced astonishingly during the last 25 years. Under the direction of Dr. Dan Weary and Dr. Marina von Keyserlingk, this project has been instrumental in raising dairy cow welfare and standards both here at home and abroad. Their studies have addressed problems like lameness, social housing, pasture access, and pain treatment, laying a scientific basis for optimum standards. By their committed work, Drs. Weary and von Keyserlingk have greatly improved animal welfare in the dairy sector, highlighting science and activism’s transforming potential.

Under Dr. Elsa Vasseur’s direction of the NSERC/Novalait/DFC/Valacta IRC on the sustainable life of dairy cattle (2016–22), three main topics surfaced: cow comfort and management, cow longevity, and environmental sustainability. Emphasizing cow comfort, Vasseur upgraded bedding, housing, and social interactions to raise cow welfare, health, and production.

Regarding cow lifetime, her studies focused on management and genetic elements to increase dairy cow productivity. Voseur sought to keep cows healthy for longer by tackling health problems and stresses.

Vasseur investigated environmentally friendly methods like waste management and resource-efficient feeding techniques to lessen the impact of dairy production. This harmonic approach underlined the junction of environmental issues and animal welfare.

Now co-chairing the WELL-E Research Chair (2023–28) with Abdoulaye Baniré Diallo, Vasseur is pioneering sophisticated informatics and artificial intelligence to further improve animal welfare and lifespan. This creative project marks a daring step toward a more ethical and environmentally friendly dairy sector.

Pioneering Biosecurity in Dairy: Leadership of Simon Dufour and Juan Carlos Arango Sabogal at Université de Montréal

Launched in 2020, the five-year RC in biosecurity of dairy production is led by Simon Dufour and Juan Carlos Arango Sabogal of the Université de Montréal’s veterinary medicine school. Focusing on biosecurity, diagnostics, and disease management to limit economic losses, safeguard animal welfare, and reduce public health and environmental consequences, this program offers dairy producers techniques to avoid and treat infectious illnesses.

Developing protocols and best practices for biosecurity measures helps this topic be pragmatic and reasonably priced. Good biosecurity strategies help protect herd health, increasing general farm output.

Advanced diagnostics are vital. By improving disease detection and identification and using new techniques and technology for consistent findings, farmers can react quickly and effectively to health hazards.

Researching and using creative illness monitoring and management strategies is essential. The aim is to establish a solid basis for disease prevention, quick reaction to outbreaks, and ongoing farm practice improvement.

Through its targeted topics and cooperative leadership, this research project seeks to provide the Canadian dairy sector with the necessary information and instruments to improve farm sustainability and animal welfare.

Bridging the Gap: Knowledge Translation and Transfer (KTT) Tools for Dairy Industry

DFC created Knowledge Translation and Transfer (KTT) technologies to close the distance between innovative research and helpful applications. These instruments guarantee quick acceptance of innovations and best practices by efficiently distributing research results to dairy farmers, on-farm advisors, and industry stakeholders. KTT technologies simplify challenging scientific data to help stakeholders improve operations and make evidence-based choices.

KTT tools exist in many readily available forms meant to meet diverse needs:

Podcasts are audio recordings with insights from top professionals, perfect for on-the-job learning.
Visually pleasing images are stressing essential lessons and valuable applications.
Short, exciting films called animated videos help to make study topics enjoyable and remembered.
Trade Publications: Research results and practical advice shared in sector magazines.
Webinars are interactive online lectures, including research presentations, and are accompanied by Q&A sessions.

Dairy Farmers of Canada guarantees significant research findings are accessible and practical by using these various KTT methods, enabling stakeholders to apply changes that propel the sector ahead.

The Bottom Line

The Dairy Farmers of Canada (DFC) spends $2 million yearly on research; Industrial Research Chairs (IRCs) have transforming power. Given substantial financing and partnerships, these projects are essential for promoting dairy health, welfare, and sustainability. Advances in infectious disease management, animal welfare, sustainability, and biosecurity show their relevance. Strong and sustainable dairy depends on a dedication to academic quality, pragmatic innovation, and stakeholder cooperation via IRCs. We must keep supporting these essential research initiatives even as we honor these successes. With constant investment and effort, we can ensure a bright future for the dairy sector, benefiting society, consumers, and farmers.

Key Takeaways:

DFC invests $2 million annually in research focused on human health, nutrition, and dairy production.
IRCs coordinate multiple research projects under one initiative to address industry-wide priorities.
Significant impact areas include dairy cattle health, welfare, longevity, infectious disease, and biosecurity.
Collaborative funding from DFC, NSERC, and sector partners ensures targeted investment in crucial research areas.
NSERC IRC on infectious diseases in dairy cattle, led by Dr. Herman Barkema, focuses on herd health and productivity.
University of British Columbia’s Animal Welfare Program has significantly improved animal care and welfare internationally.
The IRC on sustainable life of dairy cattle, chaired by Dr. Elsa Vasseur, emphasizes cow comfort, longevity, and environmental sustainability.
Since 2020, the RC in biosecurity of dairy production works towards preventing and controlling infectious diseases on farms.

Summary:

The dairy sector’s growth relies on creativity and overcoming challenges. Industrial Research Chairs (IRCs) are instrumental in advancing the sector by encouraging cooperation and addressing high-priority issues through focused research projects. The Dairy Farmers of Canada (DFC) spends $2 million annually on research, working with the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) and partners to focus on dairy cow health, welfare, longevity, infectious illness, and biosecurity. The National Dairy Research Strategy prioritizes sustainability, human nutrition, and dairy cow health and welfare. IRCs provide study results to dairy producers, consultants, and industry players through podcasts, webinars, and trade magazines, ensuring the latest scientific developments are practical and readily available. Knowledge Translation and Transfer (KTT) tools facilitate the quick acceptance of innovations and best practices by efficiently distributing research results to dairy farmers, on-farm advisors, and industry stakeholders.

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Categories : Dairy Industry

Understanding Conformation and PTAT: Key Differences in Dairy Cattle Genetic Evaluations in Canada and the USA

Monday, July 1st, 2024

Uncover the critical variations in dairy cattle genetic assessments for conformation and PTAT between Canada and the USA. What implications do these standards hold for breeding practices?

For breeders aiming to produce the next World Dairy Expo Champion or an EX-97 cow, utilizing the American PTAT or the Canadian Conformation index is not just an option—they are essential tools in your breeding arsenal. While both PTAT and Conformation indices are invaluable, they are not interchangeable. This article will explore the distinctions between Canadian and American genetic evaluations for conformation and PTAT, shedding light on how each system functions and what sets them apart.

The Evolution of Genetic Evaluation Systems in Dairy Cattle: A Tale of Two Nations

The historical trajectory of genetic evaluation systems in dairy cattle within Canada and the USA signifies an evolution of both countries’ dairy industries. Originally hinging on fundamental pedigree analysis, these systems have dramatically advanced with cutting-edge genetic technology and data analytics. Canada launched its first formal genetic evaluation for dairy cattle in the mid-20th century, focusing on production traits. By the 1970s, Canadian dairy scientists incorporated type traits, utilizing linear classification systems to quantify conformation characteristics. This method allowed breeders to objectively evaluate and select superior dairy cattle based on body and udder traits.

In parallel, the USA advanced from essential herd records to sophisticated evaluations, incorporating production and type traits by the 1980s. A key milestone was the establishment of Predicted Transmitting Ability (PTAT), revolutionizing how type traits were genetically assessed. PTAT provided a standardized measure allowing breeders to predict genetic merit regarding conformation, facilitating more informed breeding decisions.

The 1990s and early 2000s marked a crucial phase with genomic evaluations. Canada and the USA swiftly integrated genomic data, increasing accuracy and efficiency. Genomic selection enabled early identification of desirable traits, accelerating genetic progress and enhancing herd quality. Collaborative efforts between Canadian and American dairy geneticists have recently refined methodologies, incorporating advanced statistical models and extensive phenotype databases.

Today, the genetic evaluation systems in both nations reflect a blend of historical advancements and modern innovations. Conformation and PTAT assessments are entrenched in a framework valuing genetic merit for production, longevity, health, and robustness, ensuring dairy cattle improvement remains responsive to the industry’s evolving demands.

Dairy Cattle Conformation in Canada: An Intricate Evaluation Framework

Genetic evaluations for dairy cattle conformation in Canada meticulously examine a comprehensive set of traits. Key characteristics like stature, chest width, body depth, angularity, rump angle, and leg traits are assessed to ensure aesthetic appeal and functional efficiency, particularly for durability and productivity.

Mammary system traits, including udder depth, teat length, and placement, are critical for milking efficiency and udder health. Feet and leg conformation, which is vital for mobility and longevity, is also evaluated.

In Canada, conformation blends individual traits like udder attachment and teat placement into a single index. Each trait is scored meticulously, providing a detailed evaluation of an animal’s overall conformation. This approach helps breeders make informed decisions, improving dairy cattle’s genetic quality and functional efficiency. Integrating these traits into one index highlights the importance of a balanced dairy cow. Traits such as udder conformation, feet, leg health, and overall robustness work together to enhance performance and longevity in a herd.

The Canadian Dairy Network (CDN) spearheads this complex evaluation process. Utilizing advanced genetic methodologies, the CDN integrates phenotypic data with genetic models to offer accurate breeding values. This scientific approach strengthens the genetic quality of the Canadian dairy herd.

Supporting organizations, such as Lactanet and Holstein Canada, play crucial roles. Lactanet provides comprehensive herd management services, including conformation assessments. Holstein Canada sets standards and trains classifiers for consistent on-farm evaluations. These organizations form a network dedicated to enhancing the genetic standards of dairy cattle through diligent conformation evaluations, supporting breeders in informed selection decisions, and maintaining Canada’s reputation for producing world-class dairy cattle.

PTAT and Comprehensive Type Evaluation in the United States: A Framework for Genetic Excellence

In the United States, dairy cattle conformation evaluation hinges on the Predicted Transmitting Ability for Type (PTAT) and a detailed type evaluation system. Unlike Canada, where conformation is a composite index of individual traits, PTAT in the United States is calculated based on the final classification score about herd mates. PTAT assesses an animal’s genetic potential to pass on type traits to its offspring, focusing on various aspects of physical structure, such as stature, body depth, and udder conformation. Critical traits include:

Stature: The height of the animal at the shoulders and hips.
Udder Depth: The distance from the udder floor to the hock affects milk production efficiency.
Body Depth: The depth of the ribcage, indicating overall body capacity.
Foot Angle: The angle and structure of the foot influence mobility and longevity.
Rear Leg Side View: The curvature of the rear legs when viewed from the side.

These traits are meticulously recorded and analyzed for a robust genetic evaluation. Under the USDA, the Council on Dairy Cattle Breeding (CDCB) leads the effort in collecting, analyzing, and sharing genetic and genomic evaluations. Their extensive nationwide database, sourced from dairy farms, provides comprehensive genetic insights.

Breed-specific organizations like the Holstein Association USA and the American Jersey Cattle Association (AJCA) refine evaluations for specific breeds. They collaborate with the CDCB to ensure accurate and relevant assessments, offer educational resources to breeders, and promote best practices in genetic selection. This collaborative framework ensures that U.S. dairy farmers have access to cutting-edge genetic information, enhancing the genetic merit of dairy herds and advancing dairy cattle breeding nationwide.

Unified Yet Diverse: Genetic Indices Shaping Dairy Excellence in North America

For decades, significant efforts have been undertaken to harmonize the evaluation of type traits and the classification programs generating the requisite data for genetic evaluations on an international scale. While substantial progress has been achieved, occasional surprises still emerge. These unforeseen developments typically pertain not to production traits but to type and management traits.

In Canada, Conformation is quantified on a scale where each standard deviation equals five points. Conversely, the United States expresses PTAT in standard deviations. Consequently, a confirmation score of 5 in Canada generally corresponds to a PTAT score of 1 in the U.S. However, assuming a direct equivalence between a PTAT of 1 and a Conformation score of 5 can be misleading. Lactanet in Canada recently conducted an extensive study comparing over 4,000 bulls with daughters and genetic proofs in both countries to elucidate this. The correlation between the TPI and LPI was notably high at 0.93.
Interestingly, the correlation between Canada’s Pro$ and the TPI was even higher, reaching 0.95. As anticipated, production traits demonstrated strong correlations, with Milk at 0.93, Fat at 0.97, and Protein at 0.95, given that production can be measured objectively. However, the variations were more pronounced when evaluating the type of health and management traits.

Type Indexes

The correlation between PTAT in the United States and Conformation in Canada is 0.76. In the United States, the direct contribution of type to the Total Performance Index (TPI) emerges from three primary sources: the PTAT (8%), the udder composite (11%), and the feet & leg composite (6%). In Canada, these components are called Conformation, Mammary System, and Feet & Legs, respectively. A crucial point to understand is that these are composite indices composed of various individual traits within each category, and each nation applies a distinctive formula to weight these traits. Consequently, the differing weightings lead to modestly lower correlations for udders (0.80) and feet & legs (0.65). It’s also essential to recognize that both composites are adjusted in each country to be independent of stature. This adjustment allows for the specific selection of udder or leg improvements without inadvertently promoting increased stature.

Mammary System

Among the mammary system traits, evaluations of Udder Depth (0.95), Teat Length (0.94), Rear Teat Placement (0.90), Fore Teat Placement (0.87), and Fore Attachment (0.93) exhibit remarkable consistency between Canada and the United States. Nevertheless, a divergent perspective emerges with Median Suspensory (0.73), Rear Udder Height (0.78), and Rear Udder Width (0.66), which display significantly lower correlations. This disparity suggests that traits such as rear udder height, rear udder width, and suspensory ligament are appraised with varying degrees of emphasis and interpretation in each country.

Feet and Legs

Feet and legs exhibit a moderate correlation of 0.65 between Canada and the United States. Examining specific traits within this category, the rear leg side view reveals a high correlation of 0.91, indicating substantial similarity between the countries. However, the rear leg rear view (0.76) and foot angle (0.73) diverge more significantly. A noteworthy distinction lies in the traits recorded: while foot angle is commonly observed globally, Canada also measures heel depth. The rationale behind this difference stems from the susceptibility of foot angle to recent hoof trimming, a variable that does not affect heel depth.

The overarching objective of selecting for superior feet and legs is to mitigate lameness and enhance longevity. In Canada, the mammary system exhibits a 0.25 correlation with herd life, slightly higher than the composite feet and legs score of 0.22. Yet, individual traits within this composite tell a different story. Foot angle shows a negative correlation with longevity at -0.16, whereas heel depth, boasting a positive correlation of +0.20, stands out prominently. This raises a pertinent question: why is heel depth not universally recorded over foot angle?

Further analysis of specific traits reveals minimal impact on longevity. The rear leg side view holds a correlation of -0.08, the rear leg rear view is 0.03, locomotion is 0.05, and bone quality is a mere -0.01. Given these negligible impacts, particularly bone quality in its current linear measurement, it might be worth exploring its assessment as a medial optimum trait, balancing frailty and coarseness.

Additionally, Canada uniquely records front legs, correlating with her life at 0.18, second only to heel depth. In the broader context of overall frame traits, stature maintains a high concordance at 0.97 between both countries. In contrast, body depth (0.71) and chest width (expressed as strength in US evaluations, 0.69) have lower correlations, highlighting regional differences in evaluation emphasis.

The Bottom Line

Examining genetic evaluations for dairy cattle conformation and type in Canada and the USA reveals distinctive approaches and converging goals, underlining the importance of tailored yet comprehensive systems. We’ve explored the evolution of genetic frameworks in both nations, highlighting Canada’s detailed evaluations and the USA’s focus on PTAT and holistic type assessment. From composite traits to specific evaluations of mammary systems and feet and legs, each country aims to boost genetic excellence in dairy cattle.

As these systems continue to adapt to scientific advancements and industry needs, the goal remains to develop a robust, genetically superior dairy cattle population capable of thriving in diverse environments. This endeavor highlights the critical intersection of genetic science, industry priorities, and animal welfare, shaping the future of dairy cattle breeding. While methods may differ, the objective is shared: achieving dairy excellence through rigorous and innovative genetic evaluations that benefit producers, consumers, and cattle. Collaborations and continual improvements ensure North America stays at the forefront of dairy cattle genetics, leading global dairy production.