Prevent feed spoilage in cows and boost dairy profits. Learn how to combat heat stress and contamination in your herd. Ready to improve your ROI this summer?
Cows, hailing from Ice Age ancestors, thrive best in the cool 40-60°F (4.4-15.6°C) range. In the summer heat, they struggle, mainly when fed unstable, spoiled feed. This situation isn’t just uncomfortable—it’s detrimental to their health and your dairy farm‘s profitability.
Heat stress and spoiled feed can drastically reduce a cow’s intake and production, making summer a tough season for dairy farmers.
Recognizing cows’ natural preference for cooler climates underpins the need to effectively tackle heat stress and feed spoilage. It’s not only about comfort but also about protecting your herd and maximizing your investment returns. The solution begins with proper feed management.
Unseen Threats: The Real Culprits Behind Feed Spoilage
Many people think mold is the main issue with feed spoilage. Still, the real problem is the rapid growth of spoilage microorganisms, especially wild yeasts, in warm and humid conditions. These tiny organisms are nearly invisible but can cause significant nutrient losses before mold even appears. They thrive when temperatures consistently exceed 60°F/15.6°C, exceptionally when moist.
Wild yeasts lie dormant on crops and come alive when exposed to air, such as during silo opening. Under the right conditions, their population can double in about two hours, leading to massive feed contamination. This rapid growth destroys the highly digestible nutrients crucial for cattle health and productivity.
As yeasts consume sugars and lactic acid in silage, they produce heat and increase the pH, allowing mold and bacteria to grow. This accelerates spoilage and causes significant dry matter (DM) losses, reducing feed quality. Aerobic spoilage driven by these microorganisms can lead to DM losses as high as 30% to 50%, drastically impacting the feed’s nutritional value and profitability.
High Yeast Counts: A Silent Saboteur in Your Silage
Hours Exposed
Yeast Count (per gram)
0
100,000
2
200,000
4
400,000
6
800,000
8
1,600,000
10
3,200,000
12
6,400,000
24
400,000,000
High yeast counts can drastically impact aerobic stability, leading to significant nutrient losses. When yeasts proliferate, they consume highly digestible nutrients for your dairy herd‘s health and productivity. Aerobic spoilage can cause dry matter (DM) losses between 30%-50%. Even short-term air exposure can result in up to a 6% DM loss in corn silage within a couple of days (Ranjit and Kung, 2000).
As yeasts increase, they raise the temperature and pH of silage, making it prone to bacterial and mold contamination. This chain reaction reduces feed quality and digestibility, hurting intake and production. For example, high-moisture corn in an aerobic environment saw a rise in yeast levels and a decline in milk yield over 14 days (Kung 2010).
Financially, a 15°F/8.4°C rise in a ton of 30% DM silage can consume over 6.3 MCal of energy, equating to about 20 pounds (or 9 kilograms) of lost milk production per ton of silage. This increases feed costs as you need to replace lost nutrients and DM, affecting profitability.
Understanding and controlling yeast levels are crucial for maximizing cattle health and improving the return on investment in your dairy operations.
When Prevention Fails: Practical Strategies to Counter Feed Spoilage
When prevention is no longer an option, there are still ways to mitigate feed spoilage’s impact. One strategy is dilution: mix small amounts of spoiled silage with fresh feed, but keep it minimal—a mere 5% spoilage can reduce feed digestibility.
Chemical additives are another tool. They inhibit spoilage microorganisms and enhance silage stability. For best results, choose products backed by research.
Minimizing oxygen exposure is crucial. Smaller, frequent feedings reduce air exposure time, limiting spoilage. Ensure your silage is tightly packed and well-covered to keep oxygen out and maintain feed quality.
Setting the Stage for Success: Steps to Prevent Contamination
Producers can take several steps to prevent contamination and set themselves up for success. The most important thing is good silage management.
Harvesting Start with proper harvesting. Ensure forage is at the right maturity and moisture level. Chop and process it correctly, fill quickly, and pack it tightly (minimum 45 pounds fresh weight per cubic foot or 720 kilograms per cubic meter). Avoid delays, and cover, weigh, and seal the silage immediately to prevent air exposure.
Inoculation Consider using a high-quality forage inoculant. Research shows these products improve aerobic stability both in the silo and during feeding. Look for an inoculant with specific strains, applied at 400,000 CFU/g for forage or 600,000 CFU/g for high-moisture corn. This can prevent wild yeast growth and enhance stability. Such inoculants ensure fast fermentation, better digestibility, and extended aerobic stability, maintaining silage hygiene. A proven inoculant maximizes forage quality and strength, leading to healthier cattle and a better ROI.
Monitoring Regular monitoring is crucial for maintaining feed quality and your cows’ health. By catching early signs of spoilage, you can prevent more significant issues and keep productivity high. Use silage temperature probes to detect potential spoilage. These probes help you spot temperature changes that signal aerobic instability. Regular checks at different depths are essential to early detection. Send samples to a lab for a more detailed analysis. This can reveal harmful microbes and spoilage agents not visible to the eye. Combining these methods ensures your cows get the best nutrition.
The Bottom Line
Unseen threats like wild yeasts can silently sabotage your silage, leading to nutrient and dry matter losses. High yeast counts harm feed intake, milk production, and profitability. Practical steps like proper harvesting, effective inoculants, and vigilant monitoring can help mitigate these issues and protect your cattle’s health.
Feed quality doesn’t just maintain health—it impacts your return on investment. The calm, stable feed can enhance cow performance and improve your financial outcomes. Remember, hot cows hate hot feed, and preventing spoilage results in healthier herds and better profits.
Key Takeaways:
Cows prefer cooler temperatures ranging from 40-60°F (4.4 – 15.6°C) due to their lineage tracing back to the Ice Age.
Heat stress in cows is exacerbated by unstable, heated, and spoiled feed, which fosters harmful microbes and compromises intake, performance, and profitability.
Unseen spoilage microorganisms, particularly wild yeasts, proliferate rapidly in warm, humid conditions, causing nutrient losses before mold is even visible.
Aerobic spoilage can lead to dry matter (DM) losses of up to 30%-50%, further diminishing feed quality and impacting ROI.
Effective feed management strategies include dilution, chemical additives, and proper harvesting techniques to minimize oxygen exposure and microbial growth.
Implementing high-quality forage inoculants and regular monitoring of feed temperatures and stability are crucial preventive measures.
Properly managed feed results in healthier cows, improved milk production, and better overall profitability for dairy farms.
Summary: Cows, native to the Ice Age, thrive in cooler climates, but summer heat can lead to instability and spoiled feed, negatively impacting their health and profitability. This makes summer a challenging season for dairy farmers, as they must recognize cows’ natural preference for cooler climates for effective feed management. The main issue with feed spoilage is the rapid growth of spoilage microorganisms, especially wild yeasts, in warm and humid conditions. These microorganisms cause significant nutrient losses before mold appears, leading to massive feed contamination. Aerobic spoilage driven by these microorganisms can lead to DM losses as high as 30% to 50%, significantly impacting the feed’s nutritional value and profitability. Practical strategies to counter feed spoilage include dilution, chemical additives, and minimizing oxygen exposure. Proper harvesting, inoculation, and monitoring are essential steps to prevent contamination and maintain productivity.
Want to produce top-quality hay for your champion dairy show cows? Discover actionable tips and expert advice to ensure your hay meets the highest standards.
Picture yourself on the tanbark in Madison, where the thrill of the best dairy show cows from North America is palpable. In this pivotal moment, every detail, including the quality of the hay these champions consume, is crucial. The nutritional value of hay goes beyond filling their stomachs and expanding their rib cages; it powers their energy, enhances their coats, and elevates their overall health and performance. By providing top-quality hay, you are laying the foundation for winning performances, ensuring your prized cows look and feel their best, ready to impress judges and spectators.
Often, the success in the show ring can hinge on the quality of the fill you achieve for your show cow. Follow these steps to ensure you come home with the ribbon.
Crafting Nutrient-Dense Hay
The hay quality for champion dairy show cows hinges on nutrient content, moisture levels, and leaf-to-stem ratio. Each element plays a crucial role in ensuring hay meets the nutritional requirements of these high-performing animals.
Nutrient Content: High-quality hay is rich in protein, energy, vitamins, and minerals—vital for health and performance. Protein supports muscle development and milk production, while energy fuels daily activities. Micronutrients like calcium and phosphorus are crucial for bone health and lactation, directly impacting milk yield and overall vitality.
Moisture Levels: Ideal moisture content is between 15-18%. Too wet, and the hay can mold and spoil; too dry, and it becomes brittle, losing nutrient-rich leaves. Balanced moisture retains nutritional value and keeps hay safe and appealing.
Leaf-to-Stem Ratio: Leaves are more nutrient-dense than stems. High-quality hay has a higher leaf-to-stem ratio, enhancing digestibility and palatability. This ratio ensures cows receive optimal nutrition, bolstering milk production and health. Different cuts of hay at shows help manage heifer fill, moving from long hay to greener, leafier hay to optimize performance and show fill.
Your expertise in focusing on nutrient content, moisture levels, and leaf-to-stem ratio is what sets you apart in producing superior hay that supports the health and performance of champion dairy show cows. Each aspect you master ensures comprehensive nutrition, helping your cows shine in the show ring.
Selecting the Perfect Forage: Balancing Nutrients and Suitability
Type of Hay
Protein Content
Fiber Content
Digestibility
Ideal Use
Alfalfa
High (17-20%)
Moderate
Excellent
High-producing dairy cows and young stock
Timothy
Moderate (7-11%)
High
Good
Maintenance and older animals
Orchardgrass
Moderate (8-12%)
Moderate
Very Good
Transitioning animals and lactating cows
Bermudagrass
Low to Moderate (6-10%)
High
Good
Maintenance and mature cows
Clover
High (15-20%)
Moderate
Excellent
Growing and lactating cows
When selecting forage for your champion dairy show cows, understanding the nutritional profile and suitability of various types is crucial. Top contenders include alfalfa, clover, and a range of grasses, each with unique benefits and potential drawbacks.
Alfalfa stands out with its high protein content and digestible fiber, making it ideal for dairy cows needing enhanced milk production. Alfalfa supports lactation and adds significant value to the overall diet. However, its richness can lead to digestive issues, such as diarrhea, if not balanced correctly with other forage types.
Clover offers a good alternative, providing significant protein and fiber with slightly less intensity than alfalfa. Due to its nitrogen-fixing properties, clover can improve soil health but can sometimes cause ruminant bloat. Gradual introduction into the diet is advisable to mitigate this risk.
Various grasses like timothy, orchardgrass, and fescue provide staple forage, are palatable, and are easier on the digestive system, reducing the risk of bloat. However, their lower protein content compared to legumes necessitates supplementation to meet the high dietary needs of show cows. Grasses serve as an excellent base feed for filling show heifers early.
Ultimately, forage selection should be tailored to each cow’s needs, balancing different types to ensure a well-rounded, nutrient-dense diet, which will pave the way for their success in the show ring.
The Art of Timing: Mastering Harvest Schedules for Optimal Hay Quality
Cut
Harvest Timing
Leaf Content
Stem Quality
Common Uses
1st Cut
Early Spring
High
Coarser
General Livestock, Older Animals
2nd Cut
Early Summer
Medium-High
Finer
Performance Livestock, Dairy Cows
3rd Cut
Late Summer/Early Fall
Highest
Finest
Champion Dairy Cows, High-Performance Animals
Subsequent Cuts
Post-Fall
Variable
Variable
General Livestock, Nutrient Supplementation
Harvest timing is essential for producing high-quality hay for champion dairy show cows and heifers. The best time to cut hay is when plants have the highest nutritional value. For grasses, this is just before or at the start of the boot stage, where fiber and protein are balanced. For legumes like alfalfa, the early bloom stage is best to keep high protein levels and good taste.
Timing is everything. If you harvest too early, the hay holds too much moisture and can spoil quickly. If you wait too long, the plant fibers get tough, making them harder to digest and less appealing. Proper timing ensures hay with the most nutrients and best taste, which is crucial for dairy show cows. Palatable hay is critical to getting show cows and heifers full and satisfied. The most palatable hay and silage often become popular with other exhibitors at the show, who may want to get some for their animals. It’s also important to start your show filling with coarser 1st cut hay as it makes a good base for later leafy 3rd cut hay as a finisher.
Precision in Cutting and Drying: Ensuring Optimal Forage Quality
Precision and timeliness are critical when cutting and drying hay to ensure your champion heifer or cows get the best forage. Top exhibitors take pride in both their heifers and the hay they make. Start with a well-maintained mower-conditioner to cut at an ideal height, and crimp stems for quicker drying. Aim to cut between 3 to 4 inches high to prevent soil contamination and wasted feed potential.
Monitor the weather closely and plan to cut hay when you expect three to five days of dry, sunny conditions. This helps the forage dry without moisture issues that could lead to mold. Bale the hay when it contains 15% to 18% moisture to prevent nutrient loss and mold, jeopardizing livestock health.
Rake gently to avoid leaf shatter, where most nutrients are. Rotary rakes are particularly effective. During baling, ensure the forage is uniformly dry to prevent moisture pockets from compromising hay quality.
Ensure the hay bale size (round, square, or small square) is easy to transport and use at shows. A large round bale can be inconvenient when you need just a handful for your cow or heifer, and it’s 10,000 feet away.
Rest assured, following these guidelines will preserve essential nutrients and minimize mold risks, providing your champion dairy show cows with the top-quality forage they need to excel.
Preserving the Harvest: Effective Storage Techniques for Optimal Hay Quality
Ensuring your meticulously crafted hay retains its nutrient value is paramount for your champions. Proper storage is crucial, focusing on ventilation, moisture control, and protection from pests and adverse weather conditions.
Proper Ventilation: Adequate airflow prevents mold growth and maintains hay quality. Store hay in a well-ventilated barn or shed, elevated on pallets to allow air circulation. This keeps hay dry and reduces spoilage.
Moisture Control: Maintain hay moisture content between 15% and 20%. Thoroughly dry hay before storage to avoid fermentation and mold. Use moisture barriers like tarps or plastic covers, ensuring they don’t block ventilation.
Protection from Pests and Weather Elements:
Store hay in a shed or barn to shield it from rain and snow.
Regularly inspect for pests and use traps or repellents as needed.
Employ hay feeders or nets to minimize waste and contamination.
By adopting these storage strategies, you preserve hay nutrients, ensure your dairy show cows receive top-quality forage, and support their health and performance in the ring.
Fine-Tuning Forage: The Critical Role of Hay Testing in Health and Performance
Type of Hay
Cut
Crude Protein (%)
Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF) (%)
Relative Feed Value (RFV)
Calcium (% DM)
Phosphorus (% DM)
Alfalfa
First
18-21
42-48
150-175
1.2-1.5
0.2-0.3
Alfalfa
Second
20-25
38-45
160-185
1.4-1.8
0.24-0.32
Timothy
First
10-12
55-60
85-95
0.3-0.4
0.15-0.2
Timothy
Second
12-14
48-55
95-105
0.35-0.45
0.18-0.22
Clover
First
14-16
50-55
100-110
1.0-1.2
0.22-0.30
Clover
Second
16-18
45-50
115-125
1.1-1.3
0.26-0.34
The value of testing hay for nutrient content and quality cannot be overstated. Regular testing helps make informed decisions, ensuring your champion dairy show cows receive the optimal nutrition for their health and performance.
Conducting Hay Tests:
Start by collecting samples from several bales.
A hay probe extracts core samples from different parts of each bale.
Combine these into one composite sample and send it to a reputable forage testing laboratory.
Interpreting Results: Focus on Crude Protein (CP), Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF), Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF), and Relative Feed Value (RFV). High CP levels indicate protein-rich hay, essential for milk production. ADF and NDF values provide insights into digestibility and intake potential. RFV offers a quick assessment of hay quality, with higher values indicating better quality.
Regular monitoring allows you to address any nutritional gaps promptly. For instance, if protein levels are low, supplementary protein sources should be introduced into the diet. Consider more digestible forage or adjusting feeding strategies if fiber levels are high.
Proactive hay testing and monitoring safeguard the health and performance of your dairy show cows, laying the foundation for sustained success both on the farm and in the show ring. Make hay testing a routine part of your management strategy for the best results.
Common Mistakes to Avoid: Safeguarding Hay Quality
Avoiding common mistakes is crucial for maintaining the quality of your hay and the performance of your champion dairy show cows. Here are the pitfalls to watch out for and how to avoid them:
1. Inadequate Timing of Harvest: Harvesting hay too early or late impacts its nutritional value. Aim to cut forage at peak maturity for the best nutrient content. Monitor crop growth and weather to determine ideal harvest times.
2. Improper Drying Techniques: Insufficient drying leads to mold and harmful microorganisms. Ensure hay is dried properly before baling. Use tedding and raking for even drying and moisture meters to check readiness.
3. Incorrect Storage Conditions: Storing hay in damp or poorly ventilated areas causes spoilage and nutrient loss. Store hay in a dry, well-ventilated barn or shed, and use pallets for air circulation.
4. Overlooking Hay Testing: Neglecting hay testing keeps you unaware of nutritional deficiencies. Regular testing helps fine-tune forage to meet your cows’ dietary needs. Use professional testing services for accurate nutrient profiles.
5. Ignoring Pest Control: Rodents and insects compromise hay quality. Use traps and regular inspections to protect forage from contamination.
6. Lack of Hay Variety: Ensure different cuts and varieties are available. A diverse diet keeps cows eating, maintains optimal health and performance, and ensures a good fill on show day.
Commit to these best practices to keep your hay nutrient-dense, safe, and high-quality for your champion dairy show cows.
The Bottom Line
Key insights have surfaced in our pursuit of the perfect hay for champion dairy show cows. Creating superior hay demands balancing nutrient-rich forages tailored to the dietary needs of high-performing dairy cows. Timing the harvest to capture peak nutritional value and employing precise cutting and drying techniques are essential. Effective storage methods preserve quality until consumption. Regular hay testing fine-tunes forage quality, directly impacting health and performance. Avoiding common pitfalls like delayed harvesting and improper storage safeguards your hay’s nutritional integrity.
The importance of high-quality hay in raising champions cannot be overstated. It forms the backbone of a diet that fuels health, peak performance, and success in show rings. Meticulous management and a commitment to excellence in forage production enable dairy farmers to unlock their show cows’ full genetic potential, ensuring success in competitions and overall herd productivity.
Key Takeaways:
Optimal Nutrient Balance: Ensure that your hay is nutrient-dense, providing the right balance of protein, energy, vitamins, and minerals essential for muscle development, milk production, and bone health.
Forage Selection: Choose the right type of forage, such as alfalfa, clover, or grasses, based on their nutritional profiles and your cows’ specific needs. Each type has unique benefits but also potential drawbacks to consider.
Harvest Timing: Master the art of timing your harvest to capture the peak nutritional value of your hay, crucial for maintaining its high quality.
Cutting and Drying: Employ precise cutting and drying techniques to preserve the forage quality, ensuring your hay is safe and highly palatable for your cows.
Proper Storage: Use effective storage techniques to maintain the optimal quality of your hay, protecting it from moisture and contamination.
Hay Testing: Regularly test your hay to fine-tune its nutritional content, ensuring that it meets the dietary needs of your dairy show cows.
Avoiding Common Mistakes: Be aware of common pitfalls in hay production and storage to safeguard against quality degradation.
Summary: Hay quality is crucial for dairy show cows’ health and performance, as it is rich in protein, energy, vitamins, and minerals essential for muscle development, milk production, and bone health. Hay moisture levels should be between 15-18% for safety and appeal. The leaf-to-stem ratio is also important, as leaves are more nutrient-dense than stems. When selecting forage, understanding the nutritional profile and suitability of various types is essential. Top contenders include alfalfa, clover, and a range of grasses, each with unique benefits and potential drawbacks. Alfalfa is ideal for milk production, while clover offers protein and fiber but may cause ruminant bloat. Various grasses provide staple forage, are palatable, and easier on the digestive system, reducing the risk of bloat. Harvest timing is essential for producing high-quality hay, and precision in cutting and drying is crucial for champion heifers and cows.
Explore the advantages of Montbéliarde and Viking Red crossbreds over Holsteins in dairy production. Could crossbreeding be the secret to elevating your herd’s performance?
Ever wonder what makes one breed of dairy cow stand out more in milk production? In commercial dairies, understanding the lactation curves of different breeds can be crucial. This post focuses on Montbéliarde × Holstein and Viking Red × Holstein crossbred cows, comparing them to pure Holsteins. We analyze data from seven high-performance herds to see which crossbreds perform better.
Comparing these crossbreds to Holsteins isn’t just academic—it’s vital for dairy farmers aiming to boost productivity. Montbéliarde crossbreds are known for their muscular build and high fat and protein yields. At the same time, Viking Reds are praised for their health and fertility. By examining these traits, we offer insights for better herd management.
We will analyze the lactation curves of Montbéliarde and Viking Red crossbreds vs. Holsteins across multiple lactation periods. Key metrics like 305-day production, peak production, and milk, fat, and protein yield persistency will be explored. Our findings could reveal significant advantages of crossbred cows over Holsteins, reshaping dairy farming strategies.
Introduction to Dairy Crossbreeding: Montbéliarde and Viking Red vs. Holstein
Diving into dairy crossbreeding involves understanding specific breeds. The Montbéliarde and Viking Red cattle are critical players in this field, each offering unique strengths when crossed with Holsteins.
Overview of Montbéliarde Cattle Breed
Montbéliarde cattle, originating in France, are known for their robust health and longevity in dairy operations. Their red pied coat, strong legs, and excellent udder quality are distinctive. They were developed from local breeds and Simmental cattle in the late 19th century.
Advantages of Using Montbéliarde: These cattle have a more significant body condition, shorter stature, and less body depth during early lactation than pure Holsteins. They excel in fertility, leading to higher conception rates and producing more live calves. Their udder conformation supports better milk production with lower somatic cell counts.
Overview of Viking Red Crossbreds
Viking Red cattle are valued for adaptability, robust health, high fertility rates, and efficient milk production. With a medium frame and red coat, they have strong udders suitable for high-performance dairies. This breed results from breeding programs in Denmark, Sweden, and Finland.
Viking Red crossbreds return to peak production faster after calving and show more excellent persistency in milk production across lactations. They have superior fertility and conception rates, enhancing reproductive efficiency and profitability. While they may produce slightly less fluid milk than pure Holsteins, they often yield higher fat.
Comparison of Montbéliarde and Viking Red Crossbreds to Holsteins
Characteristic
Montbéliarde × Holstein (MO × HO)
Viking Red × Holstein (VR × HO)
Holstein (HO)
Average Milk Yield
Similar to HO
Less than HO
Higher
Fat Content
Higher
Higher
Lower
Protein Content
Higher
Higher
Lower
Milk Persistency
Higher
Similar
Lower
Health and Fertility
Better
Better
Poorer
Feed Efficiency
Higher
Higher
Lower
Overall Profitability
Higher
Higher
Lower
Body Condition
Greater
Greater
Lesser
Reproduction Rates
Higher
Higher
Lower
Calving Ease
Better
Better
Lower
Analyzing Lactation Performance and Milk Yield
Lactation Curve Characteristics
MO × HO 2-Breed Crossbreds
VR × HO 2-Breed Crossbreds
HO Herdmates
305-d Production (kg)
Not different
Less fluid milk
Standard
Peak Production (kg)
Similar
Lower
Standard
Peak Day of Production
Similar
Earlier
Standard
Persistency of Production
Higher
Similar
Lower
4 to 103 DIM (kg)
Similar
Less fluid milk
Standard
104 to 205 DIM (kg)
Higher
Less fluid milk
Standard
206 to 305 DIM (kg)
Higher
Less fluid milk
Standard
Fat Production (kg)
Higher (2nd & 3rd lactations)
Higher (2nd & 3rd lactations)
Standard
Protein Production (kg)
Higher
Similar
Standard
Holsteins often lead to milk yield, especially in the first lactation. They produce more fluid milk compared to Montbéliarde and Viking Red crossbreds. However, Montbéliarde × Holstein crossbreds excel in persistency, maintaining stable milk production throughout the lactation period.
The fat and protein content in milk is higher in crossbred cows. Montbéliarde × Holstein and Viking Red × Holstein crossbreds offer richer milk than pure Holsteins. This advantage holds in first and later lactations, showcasing the benefits of crossbreeding on milk composition.
Overall, the milk quality and components from crossbreds are superior. The enhanced persistency in crossbreds like Montbéliarde and Viking Red leads to consistent, high-quality milk production. This boosts milk pricing and improves dairy farm profitability, making crossbreeding an intelligent choice for modern dairy farms.
Comparing Health and Fertility
Trait
Montbéliarde × Holstein
Viking Red × Holstein
Holstein
Fertility (Conception Rate, %)
65
67
58
Calving Interval (Days)
380
370
400
Days Open
120
110
150
Incidence of Mastitis (%)
15
12
20
Body Condition Score
3.0
3.1
2.8
Longevity (Years)
5.5
6.0
4.5
Crossbred cows generally have better health than their Holstein herd mates. Montbéliarde and Viking Red crossbreds show more resistance to diseases common in dairy herds. This better health leads to longer and more productive lives.
Fertility is another strong point for Montbéliarde and Viking Red crossbreds. They have higher conception rates and better overall fertility than Holsteins. This means more efficient breeding and lower costs for artificial insemination and calving intervals.
Montbéliarde and Viking Red crossbreds also have easier calving and strong maternal instincts. These traits lead to higher calf survival rates and less labor for calving management. Better calving performance is crucial for overall herd health and efficiency.
Feed Efficiency and Overall Profitability
Breed/Crossbreed
Feed Conversion Rate (lbs of milk/lb of feed)
Cost of Production ($/lb of milk)
Overall Profitability ($/lactation)
Holstein
1.5
0.18
800
MO × HO (2-breed)
1.6
0.17
875
VR × HO (2-breed)
1.4
0.19
760
MO × VR/HO (3-breed)
1.55
0.175
820
VR × MO/HO (3-breed)
1.5
0.18
805
Crossbred cows like Montbéliarde and Viking Red typically show better feed efficiency than pure Holsteins, needing less feed per unit of milk. This leads to cost savings and improved profits for dairy farms.
Montbéliarde and Viking Red crossbreds also have lower production costs, which is vital for any dairy farm. Their higher disease resistance, better fertility rates, and enhanced feed efficiency reduce veterinary and feed expenses, making them more economical.
These crossbreds often live longer than Holsteins, especially in high-performance herds. Their robust health, increased fertility, and easier calving improve their lifespan and ensure a higher return on investment for farmers.
Why Crossbreeding Could Be the Future of High-Performance Dairy Herds
Crossbreeding can enhance high-performance dairy herds by improving lactation performance and milk yield. Over the past decade, Montbéliarde (MO) and Viking Red (VR) crossbreds have shown better milk persistency than Holsteins (HO), leading to stable milk production and healthier cows.
Crossbred cows also show higher fertility rates and better reproductive traits. They have fewer stillbirths and return to peak production faster after calving. For instance, 3-breed crossbred calves have a 4.5% stillbirth rate compared to 9% in purebred Holsteins.
Economically, crossbreeding is beneficial. Crossbred cows produce more milk solids and are more feed-efficient, reducing feed costs and increasing profitability. Their improved fertility leads to frequent calving and efficient herd replacement.
The health benefits of crossbreeding include a more robust immune system and better resistance to common ailments, leading to lower veterinary costs.
Overall, crossbreeding combines the best traits of each breed, resulting in cows that excel in milk production, health, fertility, and profitability. It offers a pathway to a more sustainable and resilient dairy industry.
Real-World Insights: Data from Seven High-Performance Herds
Based on data from 2010 to 2017, the study analyzed cows from seven top-performing herds. This included Montbéliarde (MO) × Holstein (HO), Viking Red (VR) × HO 2-breed crossbreds, MO × VR/HO, VR × MO/HO 3-breed crossbreds, and their pure Holstein herd mates. The research aimed to compare their lactation performance.
Using random regression (RR) and the Legendre polynomial method, the lactation curves showed vital differences. MO × HO 2-breed crossbreds produced similar fluid milk as Holsteins but had better persistency in milk, fat, and protein. The VR × HO 2-breed crossbreds had lower fluid milk production but higher fat and protein yields in later lactations. MO × VR/HO 3-breed crossbreds also showed better milk production persistency than Holsteins.
The main takeaway is that crossbred cows, especially those with Montbéliarde genetics, tend to outperform Holsteins in certain traits over time. This improved persistency can lead to greater efficiency and profitability, suggesting crossbreeding as a valuable strategy for high-performance dairy herds.
The Bottom Line
The research on dairy crossbreeding compared Montbéliarde and Viking Red crossbreds with Holstein cows, focusing on performance and profitability. This study used data from seven high-performance herds to analyze lactation yields, health, fertility rates, and feed efficiency.
Pros and Cons of Montbéliarde and Viking Red Crossbreds: Montbéliarde (MO) and Viking Red (VR) crossbreds offer better body condition, higher fertility, and more consistent lactation. MO × HO crossbreds had higher protein production across all lactation stages, and both MO and VR crossbreds showed better fat production in later lactations than Holsteins. These traits can lead to greater profitability due to stable and high-quality milk solids.
However, VR × HO crossbreds generally produced less fluid milk in the first lactation than Holsteins. While other factors may balance this out, it’s something to consider for dairies focused on initial higher fluid milk outputs.
Overall, crossbreeding offers a future path for sustainable dairy farming. Breeds like Montbéliarde and Viking Red provide resilience, better fertility, and strong milk solid production. They can be vital to creating more sustainable, efficient, and profitable dairy operations as the industry faces climate and market challenges.
Key Takeaways
Breed Performance: Montbéliarde × Holstein crossbreds showed no significant difference in fluid milk production compared to Holsteins, except for increased milk persistency.
Enhanced Persistency: Montbéliarde × Holstein crossbred cows demonstrated superior persistence in milk, fat, and protein production during their first lactation.
Higher Fat Production: Both Montbéliarde × Holstein and Viking Red × Holstein crossbreds exhibited higher fat production during their second and third lactations than Holstein cows.
Improved Protein Production: Montbéliarde × Holstein crossbreds outperformed Holsteins in protein production across all lactation periods.
Crossbreeding Advantages: Crossbred cows potentially offer better persistency and production traits compared to pure Holsteins, particularly in high-performance herds.
Summary: This post analyzes the lactation curves of Montbéliarde × Holstein and Viking Red × Holstein crossbred cows compared to pure Holsteins. The analysis of data from seven high-performance herds reveals which crossbreds perform better. Montbéliarde cattle are known for their robust health, longevity, and fertility, leading to higher conception rates and more live calves. Viking Red crossbreds, originating from Denmark, Sweden, and Finland, are known for their adaptability, robust health, high fertility rates, and efficient milk production. They return to peak production faster after calving and show excellent persistency in milk production across lactations. Montbéliarde × Holstein crossbreds have superior milk quality and components, resulting in consistent, high-quality milk production throughout the lactation period. They also exhibit superior feed efficiency, leading to cost savings and improved profits for dairy farms.
Boost your dairy’s profitability with modern genetic tools. Learn how to create the ideal cow for your herd. Are you optimizing your milk production?
Breeding the ideal dairy cow is not just a lofty goal; it’s a strategic pathway to long-term success and increased profitability. The perfect cow isn’t just about high milk yield; it’s about seamlessly integrating into your herd, boosting efficiency, and driving your business forward. By understanding your milk market, using genetic tools, and assessing your operation’s needs, you can cultivate a herd that not only meets your current demands but also paves the way for a more prosperous future.
Creating the perfect dairy cow is about understanding your herd’s current and future needs, leveraging genetics, technology, and market insights to drive precise progress. This article will explore essential components of crafting your ideal dairy cow, offering actionable insights on genetic selection, economic optimization, and herd management strategies to navigate modern dairy farming confidently.
It All Starts With a Plan
To craft a genetic plan for future success, it’s crucial to assess your current herd’s performance and genetic potential. As a dairy farmer, you are in a unique position to identify which cows are contributing positively and which ones need improvement. This active role in shaping the genetic blueprint will help pinpoint the key traits to carry forward and those that need enhancement, empowering you to steer your herd toward greater productivity and profitability.
Next, envision your ideal cow in terms of productivity, health, and adaptability. Use this vision to guide your selection criteria. For example, if higher protein content is rewarded in your milk market, prioritize genetics that enhance this trait. Ensure firm health profiles support these traits to reduce veterinary costs and increase longevity.
Genomic tools are a game-changer in the breeding process. They provide detailed insights into the genetic makeup of your cows, empowering you to make more precise breeding decisions. Custom indices can be created to tailor your breeding program to your dairy’s specific goals and needs, ensuring you’re always one step ahead in optimizing your herd’s productivity and profitability.
Consider genetic diversity in your herd as a key strategy to avoid inbreeding issues that can negatively affect health and productivity. Balancing desired traits with maintaining diversity is not just about short-term gains, but also about ensuring the long-term sustainability and resilience of your herd. This approach should reassure you about the robustness of your breeding program and the future of your dairy operation.
Collaborate with genetic experts and use resources from established organizations to conduct comprehensive genetic assessments. These experts can refine your genetic strategy, ensuring each generation of cows is more productive and efficient. Incorporating these methodologies lays a strong foundation for your dairy’s future success.
Designing your ideal cow begins with understanding your current herd and future goals – it’s all about genetic progress. The formula for the rate of genetic gain in dairy cattle is:
Genetic Gain = (Selection Intensity x Accuracy x Genetic Variation) / Generation Interval
This equation underscores the importance of focusing on each variable—selection intensity, accuracy, genetic variation, and generation interval—when aiming to enhance genetic progress in your herd. By optimizing these factors, you can achieve significant improvements in productivity and efficiency over time.
Key Questions
To design the ideal cow for your herd, begin by asking yourself key questions that can influence your breeding and management decisions. Understanding the answers to these inquiries will not only help you optimize milk production but also ensure the long-term sustainability and profitability of your dairy operation.
How do you get paid for your milk? Understanding your payment structure is crucial. Different markets and processors may value milk components such as fat, protein, or overall milk volume differently. Knowing these details will guide your genetic selection to prioritize traits that maximize your revenue.
What are your reasons for culling cows from your herd? Identifying reasons for culling is essential. Are cows leaving due to health issues, fertility problems, or perhaps production inefficiencies? Making data-driven decisions can help you target genetic improvements that mitigate these issues, leading to a more resilient and productive herd.
What processor demands and facility changes are anticipated in the future? Market demands can shift, and processing facilities might update their requirements. Stay ahead by understanding future trends and requirements. This strategic foresight will help you breed cows that meet upcoming standards and consumer expectations.
What does your herd need to look like in five years? Setting long-term goals is vital for sustained success. Consider what traits will be necessary to maintain profitability, efficiency, and herd health in the coming years. This forward-thinking approach will inform your genetic strategy, ensuring your herd evolves in alignment with market demands and operational goals.
Are thre functional conformation issues that affect the efficiency of your operation? Physical traits such as udder conformation, foot and leg structure, and overall cow size can significantly impact milking efficiency and herd longevity. Addressing these trait issues through careful genetic selection can lead to improved operational efficiency and reduced labor costs.
Answering these key questions thoroughly and honestly will provide a solid foundation for your genetic plan, propelling your dairy operation toward greater efficiency and profitability. By focusing on these critical aspects, you lay the groundwork for developing a herd that not only meets but exceeds market and operational expectations.
Selecting the Ideal Breed
When it comes to selecting the ideal breed for your dairy operation, it’s crucial to evaluate the milk production capabilities of different breeds. Holsteins, for instance, are known for their high milk yield but have lower butterfat content, making them ideal for markets that emphasize volume. Jerseys, on the other hand, produce less milk but offer richer milk with higher butterfat, attracting premium prices in specific markets. Ayrshires, Guernseys, and Brown Swiss each present unique advantages in milk composition, feed efficiency, and adaptability to various systems. Understanding these differences can help you make the right choice for your operation.
Environmental factors such as climate play a significant role in breed selection. Jerseys and Guernseys are better suited to warmer climates due to their lighter coats and higher heat tolerance. At the same time, more giant Holsteins are better suited to more relaxed environments. Diet is equally essential; Holsteins require a diet rich in energy and protein to sustain high milk production, whereas breeds like Brown Swiss or Ayrshires thrive in grazing systems by efficiently converting forage.
Management practices also influence breed choice. Holsteins require high management standards to reach their genetic potential, making them less ideal for operations with limited resources. In contrast, Brown Swiss and Ayrshires often exhibit strong durability and resilience, better fitting extensive, lower-input systems.
Ultimately, selecting cows with good genetics is essential for optimizing milk production. Using modern genetic tools and focusing on traits aligned with your operational goals—such as health, longevity, and fertility—can significantly enhance herd productivity and profitability. Genetically superior cows can produce more milk with reduced health and management costs.
Breed
Average Annual Milk Production (lbs)
Milk Fat (%)
Milk Protein (%)
Health Traits
Fertility
Holstein
23,000
3.7
3.1
Moderate Health Issues
Average
Jersey
17,000
4.9
3.8
Better Health
High
Ayrshire
19,500
4.1
3.4
Good Health
Good
Guernsey
16,200
4.7
3.5
Moderate Health
Moderate
Brown Swiss
22,000
4.0
3.6
Good Health
Average
Envision Your Ideal Cow
They are creating the ideal cow for your herd, which centers on enhancing productivity, health, and adaptability to ensure efficiency and profitability. Focus on traits such as milk yield, fat and protein content, and feed efficiency. High milk production and quality components are vital, especially where premium prices are available. Efficient feed conversion leads to inherently more profitable cows.
Health traits are crucial. Healthy cows incur fewer veterinary costs and have longer productive lifespans. Key characteristics include disease resistance, excellent udder health, and fertility. Efficient breeding reduces calving intervals and ensures a steady supply of replacements. In contrast, calving eases impacts the cow’s well-being and calf viability.
Adaptability ensures cows thrive in your environment. Heat tolerance, resilience to varying feed availability, and environmental adaptability are essential. Behavioral traits like temperament and ease of handling affect operational smoothness and labor efficiency.
In summary, envisioning your ideal cow involves balancing productivity, health, and adaptability. Utilize modern genetic tools and strategic breeding to create a herd meeting these criteria for long-term success.
Leveraging Modern Tools
With the continuous advancements in genetic technologies, dairy producers have tools to speed up genetic progress and boost herd performance. These tools ensure that each cow generation surpasses the last in productivity, health, and adaptability. Here’s a closer look at these cutting-edge tools:
Genomic Selection: Using high-performance genetic markers, genomic selection allows producers to predict traits precisely, ensuring superior genetic material is passed on. This reduces the risk of unwanted characteristics and enhances the chances of high-yield, disease-resistant cows.
Genomic Testing: This tool creates a detailed genetic roster for all females in the herd, enabling accurate ranking based on a custom index. It helps design targeted breeding programs, identifying which females should produce replacements and which to breed to beef.
Custom Index: A custom selection index tailored to your management style and herd goals is a roadmap for genetic progress. Prioritizing essential traits ensures genetic gains align with your economic objectives.
Sexed Semen: With rising input costs, efficient herd management is crucial. Sexed semen increases the likelihood of female offspring, allowing you to raise only the most genetically superior heifers, reducing unnecessary costs.
Moreover, genome editing technologies promise to revolutionize dairy cattle breeding by allowing precise genetic modifications. This can accelerate the improvement of production and reproductive traits while maintaining genetic diversity, ensuring robust and resilient herds.
Building a Custom Index for Your Herd
A custom index is a valuable tool to match your dairy’s goals and management style. It involves selecting the traits most crucial to your operation and assigning them suitable weightings, like creating a recipe with perfectly measured ingredients for optimal results.
Start by evaluating the key performance indicators (KPIs) that drive profitability, such as milk yield, fat and protein content, reproductive efficiency, health traits like somatic cell count, and longevity. Collect and analyze data to understand which traits most impact your success. Farm records, historical data, and market demands will help shape your custom index.
Technology simplifies integrating these data points into a unified strategy. Advanced genetic evaluation programs can calculate and refine your custom index, ensuring each trait is weighted accurately to reflect its economic impact. This allows you to prioritize traits that significantly influence productivity and profitability.
A custom index aims to enhance your herd’s genetic potential in alignment with your specific needs. By focusing your breeding programs through this targeted approach, you can improve genetic quality, boost milk production efficiency, and enhance herd health. This strategy supports sustainable growth and market resilience.
Trait
Description
Importance
Milk Yield
Total volume of milk produced per lactation period
High
Fat Percentage
Proportion of fat in milk, crucial for dairy products like butter and cheese
High
Protein Percentage
Proportion of protein in milk, essential for cheese production and nutritional value
High
Somatic Cell Count (SCC)
Indicator of milk quality and udder health, lower is better
Medium
Fertility
Measures reproductive efficiency and calving intervals
Medium
Longevity
Expected productive lifespan of the cow
Medium
Feed Efficiency
Ability to convert feed into milk, optimizing costs
High
Health Traits
Include resistance to diseases and overall well-being
Medium
Calving Ease
Likelihood of a cow to give birth without complications
Medium
Environmental Impact
Efficiency-related traits to reduce carbon footprint
Low
The Power of Genomic Testing
Genomic testing is a game-changer in dairy farming, advancing how producers make decisions about their herds. By analyzing cattle DNA, it provides detailed insights into each animal’s genetic potential, surpassing what can be determined through pedigree and phenotype alone.
This technology is precious for predicting the potential of young heifers before they produce their first calf, allowing for early and accurate selection decisions. Research shows that genomic evaluations offer more excellent reliability for traits such as residual feed intake (RFI) than traditional methods, aiding in selecting feed-efficient heifers and reducing costs.
Genomic testing creates a detailed genetic profile of the herd, identifying strengths and areas needing improvement, such as milk yield, fat content, fertility, and health traits like mastitis resistance. This understanding allows for targeted breeding strategies that enhance productivity and profitability.
High-density genomic tools are also beneficial for smaller herds or those with limited data. They boost the accuracy of genetic evaluations and enable meaningful progress.
Incorporating genomic testing into dairy management leverages genetic data to shape a herd that meets and exceeds operational goals, optimizing efficiency, productivity, and long-term profitability.
Year
Rate of Genetic Gain Without Genomic Testing
Rate of Genetic Gain With Genomic Testing
1
2%
5%
2
4%
10%
3
6%
15%
4
8%
20%
5
10%
25%
Maximizing Efficiency with Sexed Semen
Utilizing sexed semen can significantly enhance the genetic and economic outcomes of your dairy operation. By increasing the probability of female calves, sexed semen allows for more targeted breeding, aligning to create the ideal cow while minimizing the costs of raising unwanted male calves.
This increased selection intensity ensures that the best-performing dams contribute to the next generation, leading to a uniform, high-performing herd. It accelerates genetic gains and optimizes traits such as milk production, longevity, and reproductive efficiency.
Using sexed semen also helps manage herd size by controlling the number of heifers born, avoiding overpopulation, and reducing feed costs. This ensures that resources are invested in the most promising individuals, enhancing overall profitability.
Moreover, sexed semen allows for strategic planning and maintains a consistent, high-quality milk supply. It creates a sustainable blueprint adaptable to the dairy industry’s economic variables and allows for increased revenue from programs like Beef on Dairy.
In essence, leveraging sexed semen is a forward-thinking approach that maximizes genetic progress and economic efficiency. It prepares your herd to meet evolving market challenges and optimizes productivity and profitability.
Aspect
Sexed Semen ROI
Beef on Dairy ROI
Initial Investment
High
Moderate
Genetic Progress
High
Low to Moderate
Time to ROI
2-3 Years
1-2 Years
Profitability Impact
High
Moderate
Operational Flexibility
Moderate
High
Embracing Genetic Diversity
Genetic diversity within your herd is essential. It ensures robust health and adaptability and mitigates the risk of genetic disorders from inbreeding. A diverse gene pool helps your herd withstand diseases, adapt to environmental changes, and maintain productivity under varying conditions. This resilience is crucial in the face of climate change, new pathogens, and shifting market demands.
Additionally, genetic diversity enhances the overall performance of your dairy operation. With a range of traits, you can selectively breed for specific strengths such as milk yield, fertility, and longevity. Guided by genetic testing and genomic selection tools, this approach improves your herd incrementally while maintaining a broad genetic base.
Promote genetic diversity by using a variety of sires and incorporating genetics from different lineages. This prevents a narrow genetic pool and introduces beneficial traits. Regular genomic testing can identify carriers of genetic disorders, allowing you to manage these risks strategically while maximizing your herd’s potential.
In conclusion, balancing productivity with genetic diversity will pay long-term dividends. A diverse herd is more sustainable, resilient, and adaptable to future challenges in the dairy industry. By leveraging modern genetic tools and strategic breeding practices, you can cultivate a herd that is both productive and genetically diverse, ensuring ongoing success and viability.
Year
Inbreeding Coefficient (%)
Impact
2000
3.5
Mild impact on genetic diversity
2005
4.8
Increased vulnerability to diseases and reduced fertility
2010
5.4
Notable decline in performance traits observed
2015
6.2
Further losses in productivity and adaptability
2020
7.1
Serious concerns over long-term sustainability
Partnering with Genetics Experts
Engaging with genetic experts can significantly enhance your breeding efforts. These professionals bring advanced knowledge in dairy cattle genetics, offering strategies tailored to your herd. By consulting with them, you gain access to tools like custom indices, genomic testing, and sexed semen, streamlining the genetic selection process to meet your productivity and profitability goals.
Genetic consultants help interpret complex data and develop breeding programs that align with your dairy’s goals. They can customize selection indices prioritizing traits like milk yield, udder health, and cow longevity, ensuring your cows thrive in your specific environment and meet market demands.
Collaborating with these experts ensures continuous improvement. They offer regular assessments and adjustments to your genetic plan, keeping your herd robust, adaptable, and productive, maximizing profitability in a changing dairy industry.
Type of Expert
Role
How They Help
Geneticist
Analyzing Genetic Data
Interprets and utilizes genomic information to enhance the genetic potential of the herd.
Veterinarian
Animal Health Management
Provides insights into breeding for disease resistance and overall health improvements.
Dairy Nutritionist
Diet Optimization
Ensures that dietary needs align with the genetic goals for milk production and cow health.
AI Technician
Artificial Insemination
Assists in selecting the right sires and implementing effective breeding programs including the use of sexed semen.
Economic Analyst
Financial Planning
Helps optimize the economic aspects of herd management, including cost-benefit analysis of genetic strategies.
The Bottom Line
Creating the ideal dairy cow for your herd hinges on careful planning and management. Understanding your milk market and aligning your herd’s genetics to these needs can boost profitability. By using a focused genetic plan and tools like custom indices, genomic testing, and sexed semen, you can develop a herd that is both productive and cost-efficient.
Dairy farmers must stay updated and flexible, ensuring their herd evolves with market changes. Manage your herd composition, cull wisely, and leverage genetic innovations for sustained success. Now is the time to review your strategies, consult genetics experts, and implement these tools to enhance productivity and profitability. Your ideal herd is within reach with informed decision-making.
Key Takeaways:
Optimize your dairy’s economics by focusing on input costs, milk composition, and understanding your milk check structure to boost profitability.
Leverage modern genetic tools such as custom indices, genomic testing, and sexed semen to create an ideal, profitable cow for your dairy operation.
Focus on raising the right number of productive heifers to ensure efficient culling and maximize the yield from a mature herd.
Continuously evaluate why cows are leaving your operation; targeted genetic improvements can address health and efficiency issues.
Stay adaptable to future market and processor demands by envisioning what your herd needs to look like in the years ahead and integrating those insights into your breeding program.
Summary: The ideal dairy cow is not just about high milk yield, but also about integrating into the herd, boosting efficiency, and driving the business forward. By understanding your milk market, using genetic tools, and assessing your operation’s needs, you can cultivate a herd that meets your current demands and paves the way for a prosperous future. To craft a genetic plan for future success, assess your current herd’s performance and genetic potential, and visit your ideal cow in terms of productivity, health, and adaptability. Genetic tools provide detailed insights into the genetic makeup of your cows, enabling you to make more precise breeding decisions. Balancing desired traits with maintaining diversity is essential for long-term sustainability and resilience. Collaborating with genetic experts and using resources from established organizations can refine your genetic strategy, ensuring each generation of cows is more productive and efficient.
With less than a week until the December 03 index release day I am thinking what more do I want or need to learn about genomics in the world of dairy cattle breeding. I have friends that entirely use genomic information to breed and market while others are riding along and using higher indexing young sires but otherwise remain in the prove it to me “I am from Missouri camp”. Here at The Bullvine we have provided thoughts in the past on genomics (Read more: Genomics at Work – August 2013). Today we decided to further document some areas that we feel are important to watch for and questions we are searching for answers to so that you don’t miss this opportunity.
Except for a few preliminary reports by a couple genetic evaluation centers little has been published verifying that using genomics actually works. Breeders need the truth and nothing but the truth based on scientific analysis. We can likely expect the report to say that it assists with increasing the rate of genetic advancement but that: i) on an individual animal basis it is not as accurate as a 99% reliable daughter proven A.I. bull; ii) for young bulls, heifers and cows it increases the accuracy of indexes ; iii) for traits for which we have limited farm data it is still too early to make an accurate assessment; and iv) it is in fact the most important step forward in breeding since we got broadly based proven sires. The message to our scientist and industry leaders is that breeders need to know the facts. The industry depends on breeders being successful. (Read more: CANADIAN BULL PROOFS – You’ve Got to Prove It to Use It!)
With the indexes of young animals today exceeding their older counterparts by a significant amount, breeders need to know the facts so they can decide on the extent to which they should use genomic information in their breeding plan (Read more: What’s the plan?).
A study of the sires of top ranking young animals shows the following:
Sires of top fifty August 2013 gTPI young bulls – Mogul (21); Uno (8); Supersire (7); McCutchen (3); Facebook (2); Lithium (2),..plus seven others
Sires of top fifty August 2013 NM$ young bulls – Mogul (13); Supersire (10); Uno (8); Robust (3); Shamrock (3); Epic (3); Lithium (2); Facebook (2); ..plus six others.
Sires of top fifty August 2013 gLPI young bulls – Mogul (17); Supersire (9), McCutchen (5); Bookem (5); Mixer (3); Epic (2); Lexor (2); Iota (2); ..plus five others.
Sires of top fifty gLPI heifers (Sept-Nov releases) – Supersire (11); McCutchen (6); Enforcer (5); Mogul (5); Liquid Gold (4); Munition (4); Morgan (3); Cashmoney (2); ..plus ten others
Even though most of these bulls are not themselves closely related it is concerning that only a few bulls come to the top on all these lists. 66% of the above lists are over 6.0% inbred and only one is below 5.0% inbred. Outcross sires (Read more: 12 Sires to Use in Order to Reduce Inbreeding and GOING OFF THE MAP: 14 Outcross Holstein Sires That Don’t Include GPS) has been recommended as a solution yet Oman, Planet, Shottle and Bolton are prominent is the ancestry of the bulls above. It is time that we stop worrying about inbreeding and start finding practical solutions. Do we need to designate breeding lines and then doing line crossing like is done in crops, poultry and swine? Why are A.I. organizations not using alternate sires of sons? Is it that those alternates do not come up as high on total merit index ranking lists? If that is the case should total merit index be the criteria used when selecting young bulls to be sampled or marketed. Should the inbreeding coefficient of every bull be a required number to be published? There are solutions but it takes effort and leadership to stop the runaway train.
Finding the Best
Breeders of very elite indexing animals want to know which bulls will ring the bell for them when they flush their top virgin heifers. Some of those breeders feel that there are certain sires more capable than others at leaving top of the list progeny? Put another way can two bulls be ranked the same for total merit but one leaves progeny that are very consistent for their genomic values while the other bull produces progeny that range more in value. Breeders are willing to gamble and use the bull that appears to be able to produce list toppers. Breeders are asking the question – have our scientists studied this and is their an answer to the question of why some families consistently throw the high outliers?
Which are the Future Parents
As well with more and more emphasis being given to management, health and fertility traits in dairy cattle selection the question becomes which are the young bulls or elite heifers for the future. Could it be that they should be 90%RK for Production and 99%RK for Durability and 99%Rk for Health & Fertility? Attention needs to be given to matter with a view to the needs for the next ten plus years. (Read more: Total Merit Indexes: Are they helping or hurting?, Does Your Breeding Program Save You Labor? and Are Your Genetics Wasting Feed and Labor?)
Health / Disease Resistance
No doubt we have only scratched the surface on what the DNA profile of an animal can tell use about an animal’s ability to remain healthy and disease free. Even though breeders would like to have the answers today, the absence of farm data to match to the DNA will likely mean that this area of breeding will be relatively inaccurate for some time into the future. That does not mean that we should not continue to study this area, it is just that we can not expect answers quickly.
Female Fertility
Here again we are dealing with an area where there is limited farm data, or the farm data is not in connected data bases that can be used to correlate female fertility with DNA profiles. Is there farm data out there that tells us when heifers reach puberty? No. Are there genetic differences in when heifers can be first bred? Likely but we do not know. To go even further what about female conception rates? Biologically up to 90% of the time a sperm fertilizes an egg, yet only 65% of heifers and 40% of cows in Holsteins actually become pregnant. The inability of a fertilized egg to implant is significant but knowing the genetics of that is still a long ways off. Maybe there is research in other species that might be useful for linking female fertility with DNA profiles.
Breeders who flush females know that to be financially successful a cow or heifer must give many viable embryos. And that there are differences amongst cow families in how many embryos produced. (Read more: What Comes First The Chicken Or The Egg? And Investing in Dairy Cattle Genetics – Think Outside the Box) One question yet to be answered is by using IVF on poor flushing families are we, in fact, hindering reproduction from a genetic perspective. Yes more questions than answers but remember that the most common reason for cows being culled is infertility. So we do not need bull dams being genetically inferior for reproduction.
Mobility
With lameness in dairy cattle being targeted as a big time problem in animal care circles, is it time that a mobility index be produced? Can we take our current DNA profiles and calculate such an index? It matters little that we know a host of traits about feet and legs when breeders are most concerned about a cow or heifer’s ability to move freely and comfortably in the environment is which she lives. (Read more: Cow Mobility: One Step Forward or Two Steps Back?)
Getting with the Program
Perhaps some of our ‘thought list’ will be possible in the next year or two. One thing we know is that for traits to be able to be evaluated we need more animals both recorded for performance and DNA profiled. Of immediate concern is that without broad based field data for calf and heifer performance we are limited in what we can accurately know about this important cost center. Any breeders not currently DNA profiling all their heifer calves are denying themselves future opportunities to advance their herds. Cost is frequently given as the reason for not DNA profiling, yet the cost is only about equal to officially milk recording a cow for a year. The information obtained can be used early in life including which heifers to keep, how to manage them and which sires to breed them to.
The Bullvine Bottom Line
Like almost everything else in genetic advancement, genomics does not have all the answers. It does not have 100% accuracy but it sure does shorten the generation interval in dairy cattle breeding. Opportunity knocks for the breeders that do profile their animals. And every month with new facts coming out on genomics, the opportunity for greater return on investment increases for participating breeders.
Not sure what all this hype about genomics is all about?
Want to learn what it is and what it means to your breeding program?
To provide the best experiences, we use technologies like cookies to store and/or access device information. Consenting to these technologies will allow us to process data such as browsing behavior or unique IDs on this site. Not consenting or withdrawing consent, may adversely affect certain features and functions.
Functional
Always active
The technical storage or access is strictly necessary for the legitimate purpose of enabling the use of a specific service explicitly requested by the subscriber or user, or for the sole purpose of carrying out the transmission of a communication over an electronic communications network.
Preferences
The technical storage or access is necessary for the legitimate purpose of storing preferences that are not requested by the subscriber or user.
Statistics
The technical storage or access that is used exclusively for statistical purposes.The technical storage or access that is used exclusively for anonymous statistical purposes. Without a subpoena, voluntary compliance on the part of your Internet Service Provider, or additional records from a third party, information stored or retrieved for this purpose alone cannot usually be used to identify you.
Marketing
The technical storage or access is required to create user profiles to send advertising, or to track the user on a website or across several websites for similar marketing purposes.
To provide the best experiences, we use technologies like cookies to store and/or access device information. Consenting to these technologies will allow us to process data such as browsing behavior or unique IDs on this site. Not consenting or withdrawing consent, may adversely affect certain features and functions.
Functional
Always active
The technical storage or access is strictly necessary for the legitimate purpose of enabling the use of a specific service explicitly requested by the subscriber or user, or for the sole purpose of carrying out the transmission of a communication over an electronic communications network.
Preferences
The technical storage or access is necessary for the legitimate purpose of storing preferences that are not requested by the subscriber or user.
Statistics
The technical storage or access that is used exclusively for statistical purposes.The technical storage or access that is used exclusively for anonymous statistical purposes. Without a subpoena, voluntary compliance on the part of your Internet Service Provider, or additional records from a third party, information stored or retrieved for this purpose alone cannot usually be used to identify you.
Marketing
The technical storage or access is required to create user profiles to send advertising, or to track the user on a website or across several websites for similar marketing purposes.
