Ketosis silently stalks dairy herds, affecting up to 40% of fresh cows and costing farmers up to $289 per case. But with modern monitoring tools and proven management strategies, this profit-draining metabolic disorder doesn’t have to threaten your herd’s health and productivity. Learn how to protect your bottom line through early detection and smart prevention.

Up to 40% of dairy cows postpartum are affected by ketosis, which costs farmers between $145 and $289 per case. This insidious metabolic disorder, particularly prevalent in early lactation, can significantly impact herd health, milk production, and reproductive success. Understanding this condition and implementing effective management strategies are crucial for modern dairy operations. 

The Ketosis Conundrum 

When fresh cows can’t eat enough to meet their energy needs for milk production, they develop ketosis. This happens most often in the first few weeks after calving when cows produce lots of milk but can’t consume enough feed. Here’s what happens: 

1. The cow starts breaking down her body fat for energy because she’s not getting enough from her feed.
2. Her liver gets overwhelmed processing all this fat and produces ketones.
3. These ketones build up in her blood, show up in her milk, and spill into her urine.

This metabolic problem is more common than many farmers realize – up to 40% of fresh cows may have “subclinical” ketosis, where they look delicate but are sick. The tricky part is that you often can’t tell just by looking at the cow that she has ketosis until it becomes severe enough to make her visibly ill. By then, you’re already losing money from reduced milk production and potential health complications. 

Think of it like a car running on fumes – eventually, it will start sputtering and break down if it doesn’t get proper fuel. Similarly, fresh cows need adequate energy to maintain good health and produce peak milk. 

Impact on Herd Health and Production 

When ketosis hits your herd, it hits your bottom line in multiple ways: 

Production Losses 

• Your cows will give 2.2-5.3 pounds less milk per day
• Fresh cows may never reach their full production potential
• Milk components (fat and protein) often drop

Health Problems 

• Cows are more likely to get a twisted stomach (DA)
• Higher risk of uterus infections after calving
• Fresh cows struggle to clean correctly (retained placenta)
• More likely to have to cull cows early in lactation

Breeding Troubles 

• Cows take longer to come into heat
• Lower conception rates
• More days open means longer calving intervals

Financial Impact 

Herd Size	Annual Losses	Contributing Factors
100 cows	$4,425-$6,000	Milk losses, feed costs, diseases
Multiparous cows	50% higher costs	Compared to first-lactation cows
Per case cost	$129-$289	Direct and indirect losses

Source: Penn State Extension, 2024

Each case of ketosis (even the mild cases you can’t see) costs between $145 and $289. A 100-cow herd with typical ketosis rates could mean $5,800-$11,560 in losses annually. 

Think of ketosis like a domino effect – one problem leads to another, and before you know it, you’re dealing with multiple issues in your fresh cows. That’s why catching and treating it early is essential for protecting your cows and wallet. 

Days in Milk (DIM)	Cure Rate (%)	Notes
1-9	75.56%	Best treatment response
10-15	67.45%	Moderate response
16-21	58.05%	Reduced effectiveness
Source: Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 2022

Detection and Diagnosis 

BHB Level (mmol/L)	Classification	Action Required
< 1.2	Normal	Routine Monitoring
1.2 – 2.9	Subclinical Ketosis	Treatment Recommended
≥ 3.0	Clinical Ketosis	Immediate Treatment Required
Source: Journal of Dairy Science, 2024

Finding ketosis early can save you money and keep your cows healthy. Here are the main ways to check for ketosis in your herd: 

Blood Testing 

Use a hand-held meter (like people with diabetes use) to test a drop of blood from your fresh cows. If the reading is 1.2 or higher, your cow has subclinical ketosis – even if she looks fine. 

Milk Testing 

Check milk samples during routine testing. Many DHI services now include ketone testing, making it easy to monitor your whole herd at once. 

Urine Testing 

Use ketone strips to test urine. While not as accurate as blood testing, it’s a quick way to check suspicious cows. 

Activity Monitoring 

Modern cow monitoring systems can alert you to potential ketosis by tracking: 

• How much time do cows spend chewing their cud
• Daily activity levels
• Changes in eating patterns

Remember: The first two weeks after calving are when cows are most likely to develop ketosis, so you should check them closely. 

Rumination as an Indicator 

Keeping an eye on how much time your cows spend chewing their cud can help you catch ketosis before it becomes a serious problem. Here’s what to look for:

Warning Signs in Cud Chewing 

• Sick cows spend about 17% less time chewing their cud than healthy herd mates.
• You can spot changes in cud-chewing patterns up to 5 days before a cow shows apparent signs of ketosis.
• Start watching cud-chewing patterns before calving and during the fresh period to identify which cows might be at risk.

Think of rumination monitoring as an early warning system. When a cow starts spending less time chewing her cud, it’s often the first sign that something’s wrong, giving you a chance to step in before ketosis takes hold. If you’re using rumination monitoring collars or other technology, pay special attention to any alerts about decreased rumination time, especially in your fresh cows. Even without technology, observing your cows’ cud-chewing behavior during daily checks can help you spot potential problems early. 

Management Strategies 

Here’s what you can do to keep ketosis under control in your herd: 

• Watch your fresh cows closely — Keep an eye on your transition cows, especially in that crucial first week after calving. Look for signs like reduced appetite, lower milk production, or cows that don’t seem right.
• Use technology to your advantage — If you have activity monitors or rumination collars, use them. They can tip you off to potential ketosis cases before you see obvious signs. Watch for drops in rumination time or changes in everyday activity patterns. 
• Feed management is key — Ensure your fresh cows get enough energy in their diet.

Work with your nutritionist to: 

• Design a proper transition cow diet
• Ensure cows are eating enough after calving
• Adjust rations based on body condition

Stay ahead of the game.

For cows you know might be at risk (over-conditioned cows, older cows, or those with previous ketosis), consider preventive treatments before problems start.

Act Fast When You See Problems


If you spot ketosis, treat it right away. Propylene glycol is often your best bet – 300ml once daily for 3-5 days usually does the trick. The sooner you treat, the better your results will be.
Remember: Every day you wait to treat ketosis is costing you money in lost milk production and potential complications.

Treatment Options for Ketosis-Affected Cows 

When you spot ketosis in your cows, quick action is crucial to prevent milk loss and other health problems. Here are your best treatment options: 

Propylene Glycol (PG) – Your First Line of Defense 

• Drench 300 ml (10 oz) once daily for 3-5 days
• Works by helping your cow make more glucose
• Treated cows are 50% more likely to recover and half as likely to get severe ketosis

IV Dextrose – For Severe Cases 

• Use when cows show nervous symptoms or won’t eat
• Your vet will give 500 ml of 50% dextrose in the vein
• Follow up with PG drenches, as the effects don’t last long

Vitamin B12 Shots 

• Give 1.25-5 mg per cow in the muscle daily for 3-5 days
• Works well alongside PG
• Best for cows with both low blood sugar and high ketones

Cutting Back on Milking 

• Try milking once instead of twice daily for up to two weeks
• Helps the cow’s energy balance but will temporarily drop milk production
• Discuss this option with your veterinarian first

Other Options 

• Glycerol or sodium propionate drenches (not as good as PG)
• Force feeding with alfalfa cubes and pellets for valuable cows
• IV glucose drips for severe cases (vet-administered)

Remember: The sooner you treat ketosis, the better your chances of quickly getting your cow back to peak production. Always work with your vet to decide the best treatment plan for your herd. 

Real Success Stories: Managing Ketosis on the Farm 

Cutting Back on Milking Helps Fresh Cows 

  The University of Guelph tried something different with its ketotic fresh cows:  

• They switched from milking twice daily to once a day for two weeks.  
• Kept giving the usual propylene glycol drench.  
• Cows improved faster, even though they gave less milk during treatment. 
• They’re now testing if shorter treatment times work just as well.   

Big Dairy Saves Money by Catching Ketosis Early 

A 1,000-cow dairy farm made these changes:  

• Started with 300 fresh cows getting ketosis (30%).  
• Losing $87,000 every year.  
• Put activity monitors on their cows to watch chewing patterns.  
• Dropped ketosis cases by 50 cows (5%).  
• Saved $14,500 in the first year.  
• Key to success: watching how cows chew their cud 10 days before and after calving.   

What Happens When You Treat vs. Don’t Treat 

Research shows treating ketosis pays off:  

• Untreated cows lose about 1 pound of milk for each slight ketone increase.  
• Giving propylene glycol (10 oz daily) adds 1.5 pounds of milk daily.  
• Severe ketosis can cost you 13 pounds of milk per day in early lactation.   

The Cost of Poor Fresh Cow Management 

One farm learned the hard way:  

• Fresh cows weren’t transitioning well.  
• Lost 10-20 pounds of peak milk.  
• Cost $400-900 per cow.  

The Bottom Line

Ketosis doesn’t have to be the profit-draining challenge it once was. With modern monitoring tools, proven treatment protocols, and innovative management strategies, you can catch this metabolic disorder early and minimize its impact on your bottom line.

Remember these key takeaways: 

• Monitor your fresh cows closely, especially in the first week after calving
• Watch for changes in rumination patterns and drops in milk production
• Test suspicious cows promptly using a blood ketone meter
• Treat affected cows quickly with propylene glycol (300ml daily for 3-5 days)
• Work with your nutritionist to fine-tune transition cow rations

The cost of ketosis – up to $289 per case – is too high to ignore. But by implementing a solid monitoring and treatment program, you can protect your herd’s health and your farm’s profitability. Whether you’re managing 50 cows or 5,000, the principles remain the same: early detection, prompt treatment, and prevention through proper transition cow management. 

What is your next step? Take a hard look at your fresh cow protocols. Are you catching ketosis cases early enough? Are your treatments working? Are your transition cows getting the nutrition they need? The answers to these questions could be the difference between a struggling fresh pen and a profitable start to lactation. 

Key Takeaways: 

• Early detection is crucial: Up to 40% of fresh cows may have subclinical ketosis without showing obvious signs, costing $145-289 per case. Monitor cows closely in the first 9 days after calving when treatment is most effective.
• Watch rumination patterns: Cows with ketosis spend about 17% less time chewing their cud compared to healthy cows. Changes in rumination can be spotted up to 5 days before other symptoms appear.
• Treatment timing matters: Propylene glycol treatment (300-400ml daily for 3-5 days) is most effective when started in the first week after calving, with cure rates dropping from 75% in the first 9 days to 54% after 21 days.
• Monitor milk components: High fat percentage combined with low protein percentage in milk can be an early warning sign of ketosis. Also watch for elevated somatic cell counts, which tend to be higher in ketotic cows.
• Prevention through transition management: Focus on proper nutrition and minimizing stress during the transition period. Work with your nutritionist to ensure adequate energy intake and gradually introduce feed changes.
• Economic impact is significant: For a 100-cow herd with typical ketosis rates, losses can range from $5,800-$11,560 annually through reduced milk production, poor reproduction, and increased health problems.

Summary:

Dairy farmers deal with the tricky issue of ketosis, a problem that affects nearly 40% of cows after they give birth. This condition reduces milk production, hurts herd health, and costs farmers between $145-$289 per case. Early detection is crucial to stop its negative impact. Methods like blood BHB testing and new monitoring tools help catch it early. Quick treatments, such as giving propylene glycol and vitamin B12, are important for keeping cows healthy and farms profitable. By staying aware and managing proactively, farmers can protect against ketosis’s damaging effects.

Learn more:

• Lameness in Dairy Cattle: Identifying Risk Factors and Overcoming Barriers to Best Practices
• Recognizing and Preventing Heat Stress in Dairy Cattle: Proactive Measures for Hot Seasons
• Managing Disease Outbreaks on Dairy Farms: Save from Economic Losses & Improve Livestock Health

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