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Archive for Dairy Cattle

Understanding the Microbiome’s Role: Fetus to Weaning Impact on Immune Development in Dairy Cattle

Friday, July 5th, 2024

Uncover the ways in which the microbiome shapes immune development in dairy cattle, from fetus to weaning. Curious about how this affects their overall health and productivity? Keep reading to find out.

It’s a thrilling journey, from fetus to weaning, that every dairy cattle embarks on. A journey that is indeed marked by fundamental biological and immunological shifts. Did you know that the microbiome – those microscopic organisms that reside within us, plays a monumental role in this transition? You might be surprised to discover that the impact of dairy cattle’s microbiome can be traced to learnings from other species, offering a fascinating perspective. 

The microbiome is not limited to one part of the body. It spans a range of habitual niches, from the gut to the lungs, creating a unique ‘gut-lung axis.’ This axis is a term used to describe the close relationship between the microbial populations in the gut and the lungs. It’s like a two-way street where the gut and lungs communicate through the microbiome. Let’s delve into this more. 

The ‘gut-lung microbiome axis’ is a term used to describe the close relationship between the microbial populations in the gut and the lungs. This interaction is a fascinating area of research with potential implications for immunity, metabolic activities, and general health. In simpler terms, it’s like a two-way street where the gut and lungs communicate through the microbiome.

Specific bacterial genera, such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, have proven beneficial to gut health in a range of species, beyond our bovine friends. For instance, in dairy cattle, their presence in the gut can help fend off harmful microbes, boost nutrient absorption, and modulate immune responses, thereby reducing the risk of diseases like mastitis and improving overall health. However, their potential Role in the ‘gut-lung microbiome axis’ is yet to be fully unpacked. 

On the other hand, the lung microbiome, while less diverse than the gut, is also critical for the respiratory health of dairy cattle. An imbalance, or ‘dysbiosis,’ which refers to a disruption in the normal balance of microorganisms in a particular environment, could lead to respiratory diseases that are common and detrimental in the industry. Understanding this interaction, the ‘gut-lung microbiome axis,’ will undoubtedly provide profound insights for enhancing dairy cattle health. 

In the following sections, we’ll explore this microbe-mediated interplay further and reveal why it’s crucial for pre- and post-weaning. So, buckle up for a microscopic adventure!

Exploring the Concept of Microbiome

The vast and complex universe within a dairy cow’s gut, known as the microbiome, is more than just a conglomeration of bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms. Instead, it’s an intricate interweaving of ecosystems that play a pivotal role in the cow’s health, immunity, and overall well-being. 

Researchers have begun to delve deeper into the mysteries hidden within this microbial landscape in recent years. The use of omics approaches, which incorporate various branches of study such as genomics, metabolomics, proteomics, and more, has been invaluable in uncovering the associations between the gut microbiome and the health and productivity of dairy cattle. For instance, multiomics analyses have been instrumental in revealing the existence of a microbiome even within the gut of fetal lambs, broadening our understanding of the timeline of microbiome development. 

Advancements in this relatively new field have also exposed the deep-set connections between microbiome composition and livestock production. In essence, the gut microbiome can have profound implications on the productivity and yield of dairy cattle, highlighting the necessity for advancing research and improving microbial health management in farming. 

This research revolves around the question of ‘what is there?’ and aims to decipher ‘how do the microbiota interact and function?’ A technique called net shift analysis, used to study the lipolysis-linked microbiome, has opened doors to understanding the functional capacities of gut microorganisms and their part in the complex machinery of ruminant digestion and energy production. Net shift analysis is a powerful tool that allows researchers to track changes in the microbiome over time, helping us understand how it adapts and responds to various factors.

Furthermore, the microbiome’s influence doesn’t just begin after birth — it has been seen that the calf’s microbiome goes through dynamic progression much earlier. This highlights the presence of the microbial community, often referred to as a ‘pioneer’ in the calf fetus. The early establishment of this microbiome and its progressing diversification might significantly impact the calf’s health status and immune development.

In conclusion, the promising findings and ongoing studies serve as a beacon of hope, reminding us that the microbiome is an often-underestimated part of a dairy cow. Yet, it holds immense potential in enhancing the welfare and productivity of dairy cattle, promising a brighter future for the industry.

The Interplay Between Microbiome and Immunity in Dairy Cattle

As a dairy farmer or even a curious consumer, your interest and understanding of the gut microbiome’s Role in dairy cattle health and productivity is crucial. The gut microbiome, a complex community of bacteria, viruses, and fungi that coexist within the digestive tract of cows, plays a critical role in calves’ immune development and the overall health of cows, affecting everything from the sturdiness of their immune defenses to their productivity. 

Let’s look closer at the Role of the microbiome in infancy. The microbiota composition of a calf’s intestine around birth, also known as the perinatal intestinal microbiota, carries immense significance. It establishes a calf’s future immune system and resilience against diseases. Studies such as the one by Bronzo et al. have shown that the Role of the microbiome and innate immune response is fundamental in making dairy cattle resilient to diseases like mastitis. 

Feeding habits during infancy can also greatly influence the cow’s gut microbiome. A study examining the effect of calf starter feeding discovered that diet impacts gut microbial diversity.

What we can glean from other species

So, what can we learn from other species, especially when examining their gut flora? This is a question well worth exploring. Numerous metagenomic studies have shown striking differences in the composition of gut microflora across various species. From ruminants like bulls and goats to herbivores like rabbits and deer and then carnivores like lions and wolves, one thing remains clear: diet significantly impacts gut microbiome functions—not just across different species of animals but even within the same species! 

Discovering this convergence in the gut microbiome due to dietary habits throws light on the taxonomical differences in the microbiota present in their ruminal microenvironment. Nutritional changes and environmental variations often dictate these differences. It’s not just about ‘who’ the organisms are, but rather ‘what’ they do that gains prominence. The collaborative action of various species of organisms leads to optimized digestion and efficient energy production. 

Of nearly 200 species of ruminants identified so far, only six have been domesticated. Each breed of dairy cow, whether a Holstein, Jersey, or Ayrshire, is known to manifest different metabolic, immunological, and performance traits. These traits are primarily influenced by their unique gut microbiota. Studies probing these differences have broadened our general understanding of the microbiome and its significant roleRole in regulating health and productivity in dairy cows and all ruminants. 

‘ omics’- based studies, such as genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, provide valuable insights into patterning and colonization patterns in dairy cows from fetus stages to weaning. Understanding this complex interaction between host and gut microbiota opens a door for future multiomics studies. The objective? To improve physiological and phenotypical aspects in dairy cows, thereby increasing milk production efficiency. 

As we deepen our understanding of different species and the impact of diet on gut microbiota, we’re paving the way for healthier, more productive dairy herds now and into the future. Indeed, there is a whole world to explore within the microbiota of dairy cows and other species, offering us the potential to unlock better practices around dairy farming.

What are the gut-brain and gut-lung axes?

This fascinating topic encapsulates some incredibly complex connections within the body. Widely known as the gut-brain and gut-lung axes, this bi-directional communication line between the respective organs and the gastrointestinal tract is critical to maintaining overall health. Even more mesmerizing is the Role the gut microbiome plays in this dialogue. 

First, let’s dive into the metropolitan-like buzz of signals running along the gut-brain axis. Think of it as a constant ‘gut chatter’ that reaches your brain and influences its functioning. From regulating mood to maintaining circadian rhythms, the gut microbiota’s influence on the brain is extensive and profound. Buford TW.(Dis)Trust your gut the gut microbiome in age-related inflammation, health, and disease. Microbiome.2017580 Consequently, abnormalities in gut microbiome composition can result in a variety of neurological disorders, highlighting the need for further understanding and research. 

Next up, the gut-lung axis may sound like a futuristic concept from a sci-fi film, but it’s pretty accurate. Uniquely, the microbiome in our gut can impact the condition and health of our lungs far away. Studies have revealed a link between gut microbiota and lung disorders, suggesting that proper management of gut health can play a crucial role in respiratory health. 

The multi-faceted microbiome is one common thread cinching the gut-mammary, gut-brain, and gut-lung conversations. Its diverse makeup and complex interactions with the host’s health and wellness open up an exciting field of study with far-reaching implications. Role of priority effects in the early-life assembly of the gut microbiota So, next time when you hear about the gut-brain or gut-lung axis, remember it’s not just idle chatter, but potentially the key to managing various aspects of health!

The Bottom Line

In conclusion, understanding the microbiome’s journey from fetus to weaning in dairy cattle presents us with valuable insights into how immune development occurs. Research conducted as far back as 1998 and more recent studies in 2020 clearly show that the bovine microbiota plays a critical role in shaping the cattle’s overall immunity. However, our understanding constantly evolves as new research and technologies become available. 

It’s not just about how the microbiome develops but also how it interacts with various systems within the cattle’s body, highlighted by the gut-brain and gut-lung axes study. Moreover, looking at other species can significantly advance our understanding of these complex interactions. Therefore, while we have made considerable strides in this field, the complexity and dynamism of the microbiome mean there is still a great deal left to explore and understand. 

Key Takeaways:

  • The microbiome begins to influence dairy cattle health even before birth.
  • Early microbial exposure is crucial for proper immune system development.
  • Gut, lung, and brain health are interconnected through the microbiome.
  • Bacterial genera such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium are beneficial for gut health.
  • Technological advancements in ‘omics’ are shedding light on how the microbiome affects livestock production.

Summary: 

The microbiome, a complex community of bacteria, viruses, and fungi, is vital for dairy cattle’s health and immunity. It spans from the gut to the lungs, creating a unique ‘gut-lung microbiome axis’. Bacterial genera like Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium have been shown to improve gut health, reducing disease risk. However, their role in this axis is not fully understood. The lung microbiome is also crucial for dairy cattle’s respiratory health, as imbalances could lead to respiratory diseases. Advancements in omics have revealed the connection between microbiome composition and livestock production. Understanding the gut microbiome is essential for regulating health and productivity in the animal kingdom.

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Understanding Conformation and PTAT: Key Differences in Dairy Cattle Genetic Evaluations in Canada and the USA

Monday, July 1st, 2024

Uncover the critical variations in dairy cattle genetic assessments for conformation and PTAT between Canada and the USA. What implications do these standards hold for breeding practices?

For breeders aiming to produce the next World Dairy Expo Champion or an EX-97 cow, utilizing the American PTAT or the Canadian Conformation index is not just an option—they are essential tools in your breeding arsenal. While both PTAT and Conformation indices are invaluable, they are not interchangeable. This article will explore the distinctions between Canadian and American genetic evaluations for conformation and PTAT, shedding light on how each system functions and what sets them apart.

The Evolution of Genetic Evaluation Systems in Dairy Cattle: A Tale of Two Nations 

The historical trajectory of genetic evaluation systems in dairy cattle within Canada and the USA signifies an evolution of both countries’ dairy industries. Originally hinging on fundamental pedigree analysis, these systems have dramatically advanced with cutting-edge genetic technology and data analytics. Canada launched its first formal genetic evaluation for dairy cattle in the mid-20th century, focusing on production traits. By the 1970s, Canadian dairy scientists incorporated type traits, utilizing linear classification systems to quantify conformation characteristics. This method allowed breeders to objectively evaluate and select superior dairy cattle based on body and udder traits. 

In parallel, the USA advanced from essential herd records to sophisticated evaluations, incorporating production and type traits by the 1980s. A key milestone was the establishment of Predicted Transmitting Ability (PTAT), revolutionizing how type traits were genetically assessed. PTAT provided a standardized measure allowing breeders to predict genetic merit regarding conformation, facilitating more informed breeding decisions. 

The 1990s and early 2000s marked a crucial phase with genomic evaluations. Canada and the USA swiftly integrated genomic data, increasing accuracy and efficiency. Genomic selection enabled early identification of desirable traits, accelerating genetic progress and enhancing herd quality. Collaborative efforts between Canadian and American dairy geneticists have recently refined methodologies, incorporating advanced statistical models and extensive phenotype databases. 

Today, the genetic evaluation systems in both nations reflect a blend of historical advancements and modern innovations. Conformation and PTAT assessments are entrenched in a framework valuing genetic merit for production, longevity, health, and robustness, ensuring dairy cattle improvement remains responsive to the industry’s evolving demands.

Dairy Cattle Conformation in Canada: An Intricate Evaluation Framework 

Genetic evaluations for dairy cattle conformation in Canada meticulously examine a comprehensive set of traits. Key characteristics like stature, chest width, body depth, angularity, rump angle, and leg traits are assessed to ensure aesthetic appeal and functional efficiency, particularly for durability and productivity.  

Mammary system traits, including udder depth, teat length, and placement, are critical for milking efficiency and udder health. Feet and leg conformation, which is vital for mobility and longevity, is also evaluated.  

In Canada, conformation blends individual traits like udder attachment and teat placement into a single index. Each trait is scored meticulously, providing a detailed evaluation of an animal’s overall conformation. This approach helps breeders make informed decisions, improving dairy cattle’s genetic quality and functional efficiency. Integrating these traits into one index highlights the importance of a balanced dairy cow. Traits such as udder conformation, feet, leg health, and overall robustness work together to enhance performance and longevity in a herd.

The Canadian Dairy Network (CDN) spearheads this complex evaluation process. Utilizing advanced genetic methodologies, the CDN integrates phenotypic data with genetic models to offer accurate breeding values. This scientific approach strengthens the genetic quality of the Canadian dairy herd.  

Supporting organizations, such as Lactanet and Holstein Canada, play crucial roles. Lactanet provides comprehensive herd management services, including conformation assessments. Holstein Canada sets standards and trains classifiers for consistent on-farm evaluations.   These organizations form a network dedicated to enhancing the genetic standards of dairy cattle through diligent conformation evaluations, supporting breeders in informed selection decisions, and maintaining Canada’s reputation for producing world-class dairy cattle.

PTAT and Comprehensive Type Evaluation in the United States: A Framework for Genetic Excellence 

In the United States, dairy cattle conformation evaluation hinges on the Predicted Transmitting Ability for Type (PTAT) and a detailed type evaluation system. Unlike Canada, where conformation is a composite index of individual traits, PTAT in the United States is calculated based on the final classification score about herd mates. PTAT assesses an animal’s genetic potential to pass on type traits to its offspring, focusing on various aspects of physical structure, such as stature, body depth, and udder conformation. Critical traits include:

  • Stature: The height of the animal at the shoulders and hips.
  • Udder Depth: The distance from the udder floor to the hock affects milk production efficiency.
  • Body Depth: The depth of the ribcage, indicating overall body capacity.
  • Foot Angle: The angle and structure of the foot influence mobility and longevity.
  • Rear Leg Side View: The curvature of the rear legs when viewed from the side.

These traits are meticulously recorded and analyzed for a robust genetic evaluation. Under the USDA, the Council on Dairy Cattle Breeding (CDCB) leads the effort in collecting, analyzing, and sharing genetic and genomic evaluations. Their extensive nationwide database, sourced from dairy farms, provides comprehensive genetic insights. 

Breed-specific organizations like the Holstein Association USA and the American Jersey Cattle Association (AJCA) refine evaluations for specific breeds. They collaborate with the CDCB to ensure accurate and relevant assessments, offer educational resources to breeders, and promote best practices in genetic selection. This collaborative framework ensures that U.S. dairy farmers have access to cutting-edge genetic information, enhancing the genetic merit of dairy herds and advancing dairy cattle breeding nationwide.

Unified Yet Diverse: Genetic Indices Shaping Dairy Excellence in North America 

For decades, significant efforts have been undertaken to harmonize the evaluation of type traits and the classification programs generating the requisite data for genetic evaluations on an international scale. While substantial progress has been achieved, occasional surprises still emerge. These unforeseen developments typically pertain not to production traits but to type and management traits. 

In Canada, Conformation is quantified on a scale where each standard deviation equals five points. Conversely, the United States expresses PTAT in standard deviations. Consequently, a confirmation score of 5 in Canada generally corresponds to a PTAT score of 1 in the U.S. However, assuming a direct equivalence between a PTAT of 1 and a Conformation score of 5 can be misleading. Lactanet in Canada recently conducted an extensive study comparing over 4,000 bulls with daughters and genetic proofs in both countries to elucidate this. The correlation between the TPI and LPI was notably high at 0.93.
Interestingly, the correlation between Canada’s Pro$ and the TPI was even higher, reaching 0.95. As anticipated, production traits demonstrated strong correlations, with Milk at 0.93, Fat at 0.97, and Protein at 0.95, given that production can be measured objectively. However, the variations were more pronounced when evaluating the type of health and management traits.

Type Indexes

The correlation between PTAT in the United States and Conformation in Canada is 0.76. In the United States, the direct contribution of type to the Total Performance Index (TPI) emerges from three primary sources: the PTAT (8%), the udder composite (11%), and the feet & leg composite (6%). In Canada, these components are called Conformation, Mammary System, and Feet & Legs, respectively. A crucial point to understand is that these are composite indices composed of various individual traits within each category, and each nation applies a distinctive formula to weight these traits. Consequently, the differing weightings lead to modestly lower correlations for udders (0.80) and feet & legs (0.65). It’s also essential to recognize that both composites are adjusted in each country to be independent of stature. This adjustment allows for the specific selection of udder or leg improvements without inadvertently promoting increased stature.

Mammary System

Among the mammary system traits, evaluations of Udder Depth (0.95), Teat Length (0.94), Rear Teat Placement (0.90), Fore Teat Placement (0.87), and Fore Attachment (0.93) exhibit remarkable consistency between Canada and the United States. Nevertheless, a divergent perspective emerges with Median Suspensory (0.73), Rear Udder Height (0.78), and Rear Udder Width (0.66), which display significantly lower correlations. This disparity suggests that traits such as rear udder height, rear udder width, and suspensory ligament are appraised with varying degrees of emphasis and interpretation in each country.

Feet and Legs

Feet and legs exhibit a moderate correlation of 0.65 between Canada and the United States. Examining specific traits within this category, the rear leg side view reveals a high correlation of 0.91, indicating substantial similarity between the countries. However, the rear leg rear view (0.76) and foot angle (0.73) diverge more significantly. A noteworthy distinction lies in the traits recorded: while foot angle is commonly observed globally, Canada also measures heel depth. The rationale behind this difference stems from the susceptibility of foot angle to recent hoof trimming, a variable that does not affect heel depth. 

The overarching objective of selecting for superior feet and legs is to mitigate lameness and enhance longevity. In Canada, the mammary system exhibits a 0.25 correlation with herd life, slightly higher than the composite feet and legs score of 0.22. Yet, individual traits within this composite tell a different story. Foot angle shows a negative correlation with longevity at -0.16, whereas heel depth, boasting a positive correlation of +0.20, stands out prominently. This raises a pertinent question: why is heel depth not universally recorded over foot angle? 

Further analysis of specific traits reveals minimal impact on longevity. The rear leg side view holds a correlation of -0.08, the rear leg rear view is 0.03, locomotion is 0.05, and bone quality is a mere -0.01. Given these negligible impacts, particularly bone quality in its current linear measurement, it might be worth exploring its assessment as a medial optimum trait, balancing frailty and coarseness. 

Additionally, Canada uniquely records front legs, correlating with her life at 0.18, second only to heel depth. In the broader context of overall frame traits, stature maintains a high concordance at 0.97 between both countries. In contrast, body depth (0.71) and chest width (expressed as strength in US evaluations, 0.69) have lower correlations, highlighting regional differences in evaluation emphasis.

The Bottom Line

Examining genetic evaluations for dairy cattle conformation and type in Canada and the USA reveals distinctive approaches and converging goals, underlining the importance of tailored yet comprehensive systems. We’ve explored the evolution of genetic frameworks in both nations, highlighting Canada’s detailed evaluations and the USA’s focus on PTAT and holistic type assessment. From composite traits to specific evaluations of mammary systems and feet and legs, each country aims to boost genetic excellence in dairy cattle.  

As these systems continue to adapt to scientific advancements and industry needs, the goal remains to develop a robust, genetically superior dairy cattle population capable of thriving in diverse environments. This endeavor highlights the critical intersection of genetic science, industry priorities, and animal welfare, shaping the future of dairy cattle breeding. While methods may differ, the objective is shared: achieving dairy excellence through rigorous and innovative genetic evaluations that benefit producers, consumers, and cattle. Collaborations and continual improvements ensure  North America stays at the forefront of dairy cattle genetics, leading global dairy production. 

Key Takeaways:

  • The genetic evaluation systems for dairy cattle conformation in Canada and the USA have evolved with distinct methodologies, reflecting different priorities and breeding goals.
  • Canada emphasizes an intricate evaluation framework that assesses a variety of composite traits, ensuring a comprehensive understanding of a cow’s overall physical attributes.
  • In the USA, PTAT (Predicted Transmitting Ability for Type) serves as a crucial metric, further supported by detailed evaluations of specific type traits to drive genetic excellence.
  • Both nations utilize genetic indices that consider multiple aspects of conformation, significantly contributing to the genetic advancement and overall quality of dairy cattle.
  • Feet and legs, as well as mammary systems, are critical areas of focus in both Canadian and American evaluation systems, reflecting their importance in dairy cattle productivity and longevity.
  • The integration of scientific research and technological advancements has been instrumental in refining genetic evaluations, as referenced by numerous studies and scholarly articles.

Summary:

Genetic evaluation systems in dairy cattle in Canada and the USA have evolved through historical advancements and modern innovations. Canada introduced its first formal genetic evaluation in the mid-20th century, focusing on production traits. By the 1970s, Canadian dairy scientists integrated type traits and linear classification systems to quantify conformation characteristics, allowing breeders to objectively evaluate and select superior cattle. The USA advanced from essential herd records to sophisticated evaluations by the 1980s, with the establishment of Predicted Transmitting Ability (PTAT). The 1990s and early 2000s saw a crucial phase with genomic evaluations, integrating genomic data to increase accuracy and efficiency. Today, genetic evaluation systems in both countries value genetic merit for production, longevity, health, and robustness. Supporting organizations like Lactanet and Holstein Canada play crucial roles in enhancing genetic standards and maintaining Canada’s reputation for producing world-class dairy cattle.

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Categories : Genetic Evaluation System
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Reducing Johne’s Disease in US Holsteins: New Genetic Insights for Dairy Farmers

Sunday, June 30th, 2024

Explore how cutting-edge genetic research offers US dairy farmers a powerful tool against Johne’s disease in Holsteins. Could integrating national genetic evaluations be the breakthrough for healthier herds?

Imagine a quiet but terrible illness destroying a part of your dairy herd. Through lower milk production, veterinary expenses, and early culling, Johne’s disease (JD) is an infectious intestinal illness generating major health problems and financial losses. JD is a slow-burning catastrophe in the dairy sector, and affects farm profitability and herd health. Understanding the genetic causes of US Holsteins is not just important, it’s crucial. These discoveries, made possible by genetic research, empower farmers to choose JD-resistant features, enhancing sustainability and herd health. The role of genetic research in combating JD is significant, giving farmers the tools they need to take control of their herd’s health. Including JD resistance into national genetic campaigns helps to lower the prevalence of the illness, therefore safeguarding agricultural economy and animal welfare. This fresh research, which emphasizes the role of genetic research in combating JD, shows important genetic tendencies and provides useful advice that may completely change dairy farming methods, therefore empowering fresh waves of industry innovation and development.

Combatting Johne’s Disease: Strategies and Genomic Innovations for Dairy Farmers 

Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) causes the chronic bacterial illness known as Johne’s disease (JD) in dairy calves. It causes weight loss, ongoing diarrhea, lower milk output, and, finally, death. Although infection affects calves, dairy producers find it difficult because symptoms do not show until maturity.

JD affects the dairy sector with lower milk output, early culling, more veterinarian expenses, and even reputation loss. The illness may remain latent in herds for years because of a protracted incubation period during which infected cows disseminate MAP via feces, milk, and in-utero transmission.

Controlling JD typically involves:

  • Improving farm hygiene.
  • Managing calf-rearing practices.
  • Testing and culling positive animals.
  • Maintaining strict biosecurity.

These techniques have their limits. Intermittent MAP shedding means diagnostic tests often miss infections, and culling can be financially challenging, significantly if many cows are affected. 

Consider a mid-sized dairy farm in Wisconsin with 500 Holstein cows and a 5% prevalence rate of Johne’s disease. This translates to about 25 cows needing culling, each representing a financial loss of $1,500 to $2,000. Thus, the farm could initially hit $37,500 to $50,000, not including reduced milk production or veterinary costs. 

Frequent testing adds logistical hurdles and expenses. At $30 per sample, biannual testing of the entire herd could cost $30,000 annually. There’s also operational disruption from segregating infected animals, increased labor for handling and testing, and the need for continuous monitoring due to intermittent MAP shedding. 

For larger herds or multiple farms, these economic and logistical burdens grow even more. While genetic selection and advanced management practices promise long-term control of Johne’s disease, successful implementation must carefully balance costs, herd health, and farm sustainability.

Management strategies alone cannot eliminate JD. Still, its economic influence and frequency need more robust answers. Over time, a nationwide genetic examination for JD susceptibility, selective breeding of resistant cattle, and current management strategies might considerably lower Johne’s disease in dairy herds. This method emphasizes the need for genetic assessments in enhancing herd health and sustainability and presents a possible answer to a current issue.

Digging Deep: How Genetic and Phenotypic Data Can Unveil Johne’s Disease Susceptibility in US Holsteins 

Only one positive ELISA result from the first five parties was needed to classify a cow as JD-positive. This isn’t random; JD often appears in adult cows, so focusing on these early lactations captures the crucial infection period. This method ensures accuracy in detecting JD, laying a solid foundation for a reliable genetic evaluation. 

The first five lactations align with peak milk production periods, improving the precision of genetic parameter estimates. Using multiple parities ensures a comprehensive dataset, reducing the chance of false negatives. This thorough approach highlights the study’s dedication to accurately assessing JD susceptibility.

This method guarantees correct identification of sick animals and offers consistent information for genetic analyses.

To study the genetic basis of JD susceptibility, three models were used: 

  • Pedigree-Only Threshold Model (THR): This model utilizes pedigree data to estimate variance and heritability, capturing familial relationships’ contributions to JD susceptibility.
  • Single-Step Threshold Model (ssTHR): This model combines genotypic and phenotypic data, offering a precise estimate of genetic parameters by merging pedigree data with SNP markers.
  • Single-Step Linear Model (ssLR): This model uses a linear framework to combine genotypic and phenotypic data, providing an alternative perspective on heritability and genetic variance.

Unlocking Genetic Insights: Key Findings on Johne’s Disease Susceptibility in US Holsteins

The research results provide critical new perspectives on Johne’s disease (JD) sensitivity in US Holsteins, stressing hereditary factors and dependability measures that would help dairy producers address JD. Using threshold models, heritability estimates fell between 0.11 and 0.16; using a linear model, they fell between 0.05 and 0.09. This indicates some hereditary effects; however, environmental elements are also essential.

The reliability of estimated breeding values (EBVs) for JD susceptibility varied somewhat depending on techniques and models. The reliability of the IDEXX Paratuberculosis Screening Ab Test (IDX) ran from 0.18 to 0.22, and that of the Parachek 2 (PCK) protocol ran from 0.14 to 0.18. Though small, these principles are an essential initial step toward creating genetic assessments for JD resistance.

Even without direct genetic selection against JD sensitivity, the analysis revealed significant unfavorable genetic tendencies in this trait. Targeted breeding techniques allow one to maximize this inherent resilience. Including JD susceptibility in genetic assessments could help dairy producers lower JD incidence, lower economic losses, and enhance herd health.

The Game-Changer: Integrating Genetic Insights into Dairy Farming Practices 

Using these genetic discoveries in dairy farming seems to have a transforming power. Including Johne’s disease (JD) susceptibility into national genetic screening systems helps dairy producers make more educated breeding choices. Choosing cattle less prone to JD will progressively lessen its prevalence in herds, producing better cows and reducing economic losses.

Moreover, a nationwide genetic assessment system with JD susceptibility measures would provide consistent information to support thorough herd management plans. Farmers may improve herd resilience by concentrating on genetic features that support disease resistance, lowering JD frequency and related costs such as veterinary fees and lower milk output.

In the long term, these genetic developments will produce a better national Holstein population. The dairy business will become more efficient and profitable as more farmers embrace genetic assessment programs, which help lower the overall incidence of JD. Better animal welfare resulting from healthier cattle will increasingly influence consumer decisions and laws. 

These genetic discoveries provide a road forward for raising national dairy farming’s health and production standards and individual herd development. Including JD susceptibility into breeding techniques helps farmers safeguard their assets and guarantee a more lucrative and environmentally friendly future.

The Bottom Line

The analysis of Johne’s disease (JD) in US Holsteins emphasizes the use of genetic data to enhance herd health. By means of extensive datasets, insightful analysis, and stressing the relevance of this study in dairy farming, researchers have revealed vital new insights on JD susceptibility, which are, therefore, guiding breeding plans.

Recent research can benefit dairy farmers aiming to tackle Johne’s Disease (JD) in their herds. Using genetic insights and modern testing protocols, farmers can take steps to reduce this costly disease. 

Critical Steps for Dairy Farmers:

  • Regular Testing: Kits like the IDEXX Paratuberculosis Screening Ab Test (IDX) and Parachek 2 (PCK) screen milk samples from the first five parties.
  • Genetic Analysis: To gauge JD susceptibility, utilize SNP markers and models like pedigree-only threshold models or single-step models.
  • Selective Breeding: Incorporate JD susceptibility evaluation into your breeding programs to gradually reduce disease incidence.
  • Monitor Trends: Keep an eye on genetic trends in your herd and adjust breeding strategies accordingly.
  • Collaborate with Experts: Consult with geneticists and vets to understand JD’s genetic correlations with other important traits.

By adopting these strategies, dairy farmers can reduce the impact of Johne’s Disease, improving herd health and economic efficiency.

Including JD susceptibility in breeding campaigns helps produce healthier and more productive herds, lowering economic losses. Dairy producers should take these genetic elements into account when designing their breeding plans to fight JD properly.

Integration of JD susceptibility into national genetic assessments is next, and it is absolutely vital. This will simplify the choice process for JD resistance, therefore strengthening the dairy sector’s general resilience.

As a dairy farmer focused on herd health and productivity, including JD susceptibility in your breeding plans is crucial. Use these genetic insights to create a resilient dairy operation. Make informed breeding choices today for a stronger future.

Key Takeaways:

  • Johne’s disease (JD) is a significant economic concern in the dairy industry, affecting ruminants globally.
  • Recent data show a 4.72% incidence rate of JD in US Holstein cattle.
  • Genetic and phenotypic data were analyzed using three models: THR, ssTHR, and ssLR.
  • Heritability estimates of JD susceptibility ranged from 0.05 to 0.16, indicating low to moderate genetic influence.
  • Reliability of genetic evaluations varied across models, with ssLR showing slightly higher reliability.
  • Despite no direct genetic selection, trends indicated a significant reduction in JD susceptibility over time.
  • Genetic correlations between JD susceptibility and other economically important traits were low, suggesting independent selection pathways.
  • Incorporating JD susceptibility into national genetic evaluations could help reduce incidence rates.

Summary:

Johne’s disease (JD) is a chronic bacterial illness affecting dairy cattle, causing weight loss, diarrhea, lower milk output, and death. It affects farm profitability and herd health, and genetic research is crucial for farmers to choose JD-resistant features. Controlling JD involves improving farm hygiene, managing calf-rearing practices, testing and culling positive animals, and maintaining strict biosecurity. However, these techniques have limitations, such as intermittent MAP shedding, which can lead to missed infections and financial challenges. A nationwide genetic examination, selective breeding of resistant cattle, and current management strategies could significantly lower JD in dairy herds. Integrating genetic insights into dairy farming practices could help producers make educated breeding choices, reduce JD prevalence, produce better cows, and reduce economic losses. In the long term, these genetic developments will lead to a better national Holstein population, making the dairy business more efficient and profitable.

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Categories : Management
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US Expands Bird Flu Testing in Milk Products: 120+ Dairy Herds in 12 States Infected

Tuesday, June 25th, 2024

Find out how the FDA is increasing bird flu tests in dairy products. Are your milk products safe? Learn about the new steps to protect public health.

As avian influenza permeates American dairy farms, questions mount. The FDA’s expanding testing is meant to help avert a public health disaster. With more than 120 herds in 12 states reporting positive since March, the government now closely examines a broad spectrum of dairy products for the virus.

A government official says, “The risk of human infection remains low.” Still, the risks are much more significant for individuals intimately involved with diseased animals.

This increased awareness seeks to protect the population generally and dairy animals against disease. As the USDA sharpens its observation, the agriculture industry prepares for continuous danger.

The Unlikely Invasion: Bird Flu’s Leap to Dairy Herds and Its Implications

Usually affecting birds like ducks and geese, avian flu may be transferred to domestic chickens by direct touch or infected surroundings. Sometimes, it leaps to animals, including humans, posing epidemic issues.

It is rare for avian flu to arise in dairy cattle. Experts think cows could get the virus from environmental pollution or wild bird interaction. This dispersion calls for more confinement and observation.

The USDA organizes response activities, monitors the virus, and investigates transmission. The FDA’s tests confirm that pasteurization effectively kills the virus in dairy products, ensuring the safety of the national food supply. This reassurance, along with the USDA’s efforts, helps to reduce hazards and safeguard public health.

A New Frontline in the Battle Against Bird Flu: Dairy Farms Under Siege

Now affecting more than 120 dairy farms in 12 states, the avian flu epidemic raises significant issues for health authorities. This invasion of dairy farms increases the danger of zoonotic transmission, particularly for farm workers who come into proximity to sick animals. Although the public’s danger is modest overall, employees must follow rigorous protective policies. Human infections are a concern that motivates thorough testing and surveillance, therefore stressing the importance of alertness in preserving public health.

Ensuring Dairy Safety: FDA’s Comprehensive Approach Amid Bird Flu Outbreaks

Expanded testing of dairy products by the FDA is a proactive measure to increase food safety, given the growing avian flu crisis among dairy farms. Given rising instances and hazards to public health and farm workers, the government wants all dairy products to be virus-free. Targeting a broad spectrum of dairy products, this initiative will cover 155 items. Verifying pasteurization neutralizes the bird flu virus would help protect customers and reassure the public and the dairy sector of product safety. Pasteurization is still vital as a protection against infections, so verifying its efficacy during the current epidemic is essential. Previous FDA testing of 297 retail dairy products returned negative for viral presence.

The Critical Role of Pasteurization: FDA’s Stern Warning Against Raw Milk Amid Bird Flu Outbreak

The FDA’s unambiguous warning against raw milk products emphasizes the importance of reducing the dangers of unpasteurized dairy. Acting FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition director Don Prater underlined how well pasteurization neutralizes the pathogen.

Acting senior advisor for the avian flu response for USDA, Eric Deeble stated that raw milk supplies do not include contaminated cows. Nonetheless, the FDA’s firm position on pasteurization emphasizes eating only pasteurized dairy for public health safety.

Vigilance in Action: Comprehensive Monitoring Protects Public Health in Bird Flu Crisis

The strict human health surveillance throughout the avian flu epidemic sees federal authorities’ dedication to stopping human transmission. Monitoring over 690 people who could have come into contact with sick animals guarantees quick detection and reaction. Of these, 51 people reported flu-like symptoms and went under testing.

Three dairy farm employees mainly acquired the virus but only had minor conjunctivitis or respiratory problems. They recovered thanks to quick medical treatment. The intense reactions of the CDC and state health officials depend on controlling the spread of the virus and safeguarding public health.

The CDC plays a crucial role in halting the spread of the avian flu among dairy farm workers amid the developing problem. The FDA is serologically examining areas like Michigan to find previous viral infections among agricultural workers, further strengthening the control measures in place.

The CDC also intends to extend this testing to other states, guaranteeing consistent access to these health examinations. The CDC’s cooperation is crucial for identifying possible human cases and formulating a public health strategy to control and finally eliminate the virus.

USDA’s Intensive Research Initiative: Decoding Bird Flu Transmission in Dairy Cattle 

The USDA closely investigates how avian flu affects dairy animals, mainly via contaminated milk or respiratory droplets. This research seeks to create control plans and preventive actions to stop the virus from spreading in dairy farms.

Using cutting-edge technologies and rigorous biosecurity policies, the USDA wants to eliminate avian flu rather than depending on vaccinations. This proactive strategy aims to preserve the country’s milk supply by avoiding immunization.

Charting the Future: Strategic Vaccine Development Amid Bird Flu Threats in Dairy Industry

One of the main approaches to controlling the virus within the dairy sector is creating a bird flu vaccination for dairy cows. Creating an efficient vaccination “is going to take some time,” Eric Deeble from the USDA pointed out. The objective is to eliminate the virus without first depending on immunization, notwithstanding the difficulties.

Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack states that the USDA is actively discussing vaccine research with over twenty-one firms. Once the first research stages are over, these conversations seek to hasten the development and use of a functioning vaccination. Though the chronology is unknown, the will to create a vaccination reveals strategic planning and urgency.

Part of the continuous work includes tackling major immunization issues and understanding the effectiveness of vaccinations in dairy cows. This study depends on strengthening defenses against avian flu and safeguarding the public and agricultural sectors.

The Bottom Line

US food safety officials’ recent extension of avian flu testing draws attention to mounting worries about outbreaks among dairy farms. Federal officials are intensifying public health protection as over 120 herds in 12 states have shown positive results since March. The FDA hopes to lower viral risks by stressing pasteurization and thorough testing. Though earlier FDA studies on retail dairy products revealed no live virus, the government remains alert, particularly considering the heightened risk for farm workers. The continuous studies of the USDA and possible vaccine development highlight a diverse strategy for this public health concern.

This avian flu incursion into dairy farms requires adaptive techniques and vigilant awareness. Two critical components of this defensive approach are ensuring good pasteurization and discouraging raw milk intake.

Your contribution is vital. Keep educated, help nearby dairy producers choose pasteurized goods, and urge ongoing research and safety precautions. Your involvement is key in addressing this complex problem and safeguarding public health.

Key Takeaways:

  • More than 120 dairy herds across 12 states have tested positive for bird flu since March.
  • Federal officials warn that the spread of bird flu in dairy cows could increase the risk of human infections, particularly among dairy farm workers.
  • The FDA has initiated additional testing of dairy products to ensure pasteurization effectively inactivates the bird flu virus.
  • Preliminary FDA tests on 297 retail dairy samples found no evidence of bird flu.
  • Workers on dairy farms are advised to wear personal protective equipment to minimize the risk of contracting bird flu.
  • No known infected dairy herds are contributing to the supply of raw milk products, but the FDA strongly advises against the consumption of raw milk.
  • More than 690 individuals exposed to suspected infected animals have been monitored, with 51 tested for flu-like symptoms.
  • Three dairy farm workers have tested positive for bird flu but have only experienced mild symptoms and have recovered.
  • The CDC is aiding states like Michigan in conducting serological testing of farm workers for prior virus infections.
  • Research is ongoing to understand how dairy cattle contract bird flu and the potential development of a vaccine is being explored, though it may take time.

Summary:

The avian flu outbreak has raised concerns about the health of dairy farms in the US, with over 120 herds reporting positive results since March. The FDA is intensifying public health protection efforts to prevent a public health disaster by closely examining a broad spectrum of dairy products for the virus. The USDA organizes response activities, monitors the virus, and investigates transmission. The FDA’s tests confirm that pasteurization effectively kills the bird flu virus in dairy products, ensuring the safety of the national food supply. The FDA’s comprehensive approach to ensuring dairy safety targets 155 items and verifies pasteurization’s efficacy during the current epidemic. The USDA aims to eliminate avian flu using cutting-edge technologies and rigorous biosecurity policies. One of the main approaches to controlling the virus within the dairy sector is creating a bird flu vaccination for dairy cows. Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack states that the USDA is actively discussing vaccine research with over twenty-one firms to hasten the development and use of a functioning vaccination.

Learn more:

Categories : Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza
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Ladyrose Captivates: Achieves Prestigious EX-95 Classification

Friday, June 21st, 2024

Uncover the remarkable journey of Ladyrose Caught Your Eye as she attains the esteemed EX-95 classification. Intrigued by her path to such heightened acclaim? Explore her fascinating narrative today.

Names that inspire reverence and admiration are rare in the world of dairy cattle, and Ladyrose Caught Your Eye is one of those exceptional names. This remarkable cow, now adorned with the prestigious EX-95 classification, stands as a beacon of excellence in the agricultural industry, a privilege to be celebrated. 

Caught Your Eye, a celebrated All-American show cow has captivated the dairy community with her exceptional genetic lineage and showring triumphs. Her notable offspring, including four highly-regarded high-type Lambda sons, have further cemented her legacy. Her impressive achievements, such as winning her class at the esteemed World Dairy Expo as a 2-year-old and a 3-year-old, and earning All-American honors each year, are a testament to her exceptional breeding. This exceptional cow’s lineage can be traced back to a Doorman daughter of the esteemed Rosedale Lexington EX-95, and further through Cousteau to a Kinglea Leader daughter of the legendary Blackrose EX-96. The fact that the Kinglea Leader is a full sister to the dam of Talent underscores the exceptional genetic foundation that Caught Your Eye represents.

‘We acquired her immediately after Madison in 2021,’ recalls Tim Rauen from Genosource in Iowa. ‘She is one of those rare cows that combines cow family, show winning type and high genomics.’ Rosedale and F&D Borba bred Caught Your Eye. ‘We purchased her along with some offspring and pregnancies,’ continues Tim. ‘She resides at Budjon and has been a prolific donor. She has already surpassed our expectations in terms of her achievements.’

Another highlight of the World Dairy Expo week was the outstanding results achieved by Caught Your Eye daughters. Their performances were nothing short of remarkable and showcased her exceptional genetics and breeding ability:

  • D2 Summerfest Eyes on You; 4th Summer Junior 2-year-old
  • 1st Junior Best Three Group, bred by Kingsway Farms, Riverdown & Millen Farms
  • 3rd Junior Best Three Group, bred by Genosource
  • Kingsway Caught a Vibe; 1st Spring Yearling & Junior Champion!
  • Ms GS Caught by Surprise; 3rd Spring Yearling
  • Ms GS Caught Your Heart; 24th Spring Yearling

Summary: 

Ladyrose Caught Your Eye, an All-American show cow, is a rare breed that stands as a beacon of excellence in the agricultural industry. With an exceptional genetic lineage, she has produced four high-type Lambda sons and won her class at the World Dairy Expo as a 2-year-old and 3-year-old. Her offspring, including four Lambda sons, have further cemented her legacy. Caught Your Eye’s lineage can be traced back to a Doorman daughter of the Rosedale Lexington EX-95 and a Kinglea Leader daughter of the legendary Blackrose EX-96.

Categories : Classification Results
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John Lennon and Yoko Ono’s Hidden Past: The Surprising Story of Their Dairy Cattle Farms

Friday, June 21st, 2024

Learn the fascinating story of John Lennon and Yoko Ono’s dairy cattle farms. Why did this famous couple own cows, and where were their farms? Find out now.

When thinking of John Lennon and Yoko Ono, music icons and avant-garde art undoubtedly come to mind. John’s legacy as a Beatle and Yoko’s as a pioneering artist often overshadow the more mundane aspects of their lives. However, beyond the spotlight, there’s an intriguing and frequently overlooked aspect of John Lennon’s life: his unexpected venture into dairy farming. This pursuit, rooted in family history, provided a pastoral escape from the pressures of fame, painting a richer picture of the man beyond his celebrity.

Who Were John and Yoko… In Case You’re That Young

John Lennon, born on October 9, 1940, in Liverpool, England, rose to fame as a founding member of The Beatles. This band redefined music with classics like “Hey Jude,” “Let It Be,” and “Yesterday.” Post-Beatles, Lennon’s solo work, including albums like “Imagine,” delved into personal and political themes. 

Yoko Ono, born on February 18, 1933, in Tokyo, Japan, is an avant-garde artist and musician known for pushing artistic boundaries. Her work in the New York art scene of the 1960s, such as the “Cut Piece” performance and the “Grapefruit” book, provoked deep reflection on human nature and art. Ono’s unconventional music mirrors her groundbreaking artistic endeavors. 

John Lennon and Yoko Ono met in November 1966 at a London art exhibit by Ono, sparking a romantic and artistic partnership. Married in 1969, they became inseparable, blending mainstream rock with avant-garde art. Their “Bed-Ins for Peace” in Amsterdam and Montreal epitomized their peace activism. Lennon and Ono remain icons of love and artistic rebellion, symbolizing a shared vision for a peaceful, creative world.

The Philosophical and Personal Motivations Behind John Lennon and Yoko Ono’s Dairy Cattle Venture 

John Lennon and Yoko Ono’s decision to own dairy cattle stems from their interests in rural life, self-sustainability, and their philosophical alignment with environmental and humanitarian principles. While primarily known as urban icons, their move towards pastoral life fits their broader quest for peace, harmony, and reconnection with nature. 

Lennon’s yearning for a respite from the glare of fame was palpable in his pastoral retreat. His desire to reconnect with the land, to live in a more ‘natural’ state away from the trappings of urban life, was a testament to his inner struggles. This sentiment was echoed in a New York Times op-ed, where he advocated for sustainable living practices. For Lennon and Ono, the dairy cattle represented more than just a business venture; they symbolized a self-reliant lifestyle they passionately championed. 

Ono, known for her avant-garde art, viewed the dairy farming venture as performance art. It embodied their disavowal of material excess and celebrated a more grounded existence. This endeavor reflected their vision of a world in harmony with the Earth. 

The couple’s commitment to combating hunger and poverty was evident in their public statements. They saw their dairy farm as a demonstration of sustainable practices that could inspire others. In a Rolling Stone interview, Lennon described the farm as a rebellion against consumerism, showcasing an ethically and environmentally sound alternative. 

Close confidant Elliot Mintz recalled that Lennon and Ono found peace and purpose at the farm. Their involvement with the dairy cattle provided a therapeutic connection to the world, helping Lennon combat depression. This pastoral venture embodied their dream of a sustainable and compassionate world, blending artistry, activism, solitude, and social consciousness.

From Tittenhurst Park’s Serenity to Bovina Center’s Fertility: The Geographic Spectrum of Lennon and Ono’s Dairy Ventures 

John Lennon and Yoko Ono’s dairy farming extended primarily to Tittenhurst Park in Ascot, Berkshire. This 72-acre estate was more than just picturesque; it symbolized tranquility and artistic refuge. The estate, rich in history since 1737, had once been owned by fellow musician Ringo Starr. 

In addition to Tittenhurst, Lennon and Ono managed dairy operations in Bovina Center, upstate New York. Known for its fertile land and strong dairy history, this farm was more extensive and focused on intensive dairy production, employing modern techniques to ensure sustainability. 

The couple took their farming seriously, often consulting with experts and delegating daily operations to skilled farmhands. Their efforts reflected a commitment to ecological balance and self-sustainability, blending their artistic lives with agricultural responsibilities.

Argyle Farm: The Lennon-Ono Dairy Dream Realized Through Dreamstreet Holsteins

The inception of their U.S. Holstein farm was facilitated through the expertise and management of George Morgan, the adept operator of Dreamstreet Holsteins, Inc., based in Walton, NY. By 1975, Morgan, a seasoned real estate broker, had amassed 17 years of experience with registered Holsteins. His vision for Dreamstreet was to establish and manage a plethora of investor-owned dairy farms, attracting a consortium of Wall Street lawyers and accountants eager to exploit favorable U.S. tax laws, specifically leveraging the livestock investment purchase credit and the rapid depreciation system.   (Read more –  The Investor Era: How Section 46 Revolutionized Dairy Cattle Breeding)

Interestingly, Morgan had a partner, George Teichner, an accountant with established ties to the Lennons through previous engagements. Initially, John and Yoko merely sought a serene retreat in the countryside. This quest, around 1975, culminated in acquiring three farms in Delaware County through Morgan’s and Teichner’s real estate ventures. However, at a picturesque farm in Bovina Center, aptly named Argyle Farm, they decided to cultivate their burgeoning dairy ambitions by introducing cattle, leaving the other two properties untouched. The farm was partly owned by actor Harrison Ford (Star Wars, Raiders of the Lost Ark, and many more).

Meet the Remarkable Dairy Cattle of John Lennon and Yoko Ono’s Farms

Intertwining their estates’ pastures with their profound philosophies, John Lennon and Yoko Ono’s farms became sanctuaries for contemplation and remarkable dairy cattle. Notably, “Dandelion,” named by Lennon himself, was more than a stellar milk producer; she symbolized the peace and harmony the couple idealized. Her gentle demeanor often made her a centerpiece during visits, epitomizing the serene environment John and Yoko sought to create. 

Another notable resident was “Mango,” known for her spirited personality rather than milk output. Once, Mango’s curiosity led her to wander into the estate’s primary greenhouse, creating farmyard chaos but ending in laughter and relief. This incident highlighted the light-hearted, human moments that defined life on the farm. 

Then, there was “Seraphina,” whose superior productivity set her apart. Her exceptional milk yield underscored the practical success of Lennon and Ono’s venture and their commitment to quality and care in farming. Seraphina became a testament to their philosophy of sustainability and respect for natural processes. 

The Lennons also owned Spring Farm Fond Rose, a cow they sold in the Summer Dreams Sale in June of 1980 for $250,000.00. At the time, it was claimed to be a world record price. However, this record was still held by Romandale Trillium, who was sold for $330,000.00 in the Romandale Sale of 1979.

These cows, each with unique traits and stories, were more than livestock; they were central to the narrative of John and Yoko’s rural experiment. They exemplified the harmony between ambition and empathy, productivity and personality, reflecting the couple’s broader quest for peace and balance on and off the farm.

Embracing the Earth: The Organic Interlude in Lennon and Ono’s Quest for Authentic Peace

John Lennon and Yoko Ono’s venture into dairy farming is a significant aspect of their quest for peace and connection with the Earth. Owning dairy farms allowed them to break away from the artificiality of celebrity life, providing a grounding force that influenced their music, art, and public personas. The simplicity of farm life contrasted with their avant-garde essence. 

During Lennon’s “house-husband” years post-Beatles breakup, the farms provided a sanctuary from fame, reflected in the organic tones of albums like “Double Fantasy.” This period of calm amplified their advocacy for peace and ecological mindfulness. 

For Yoko Ono, the farm was a canvas for her artistry. The cyclical nature of farming and harmony with natural processes resonated with her abstract art and philosophical outlook. These efforts humanized the couple, elevating them from celebrities to stewards of the Earth, concerned with sustainability and environmental stewardship. 

Their farming ventures are crucial in their narrative, cementing their commitment to peace, sustainability, and authenticity. While the impact of their work with Dreamstreet Holsteins is confined to a distinct temporal period, its symbolic resonance testifies to their broader aspirations and principles.

The Bottom Line

John Lennon and Yoko Ono’s journey into dairy farming underscores their multifaceted personalities. Beyond being cultural icons, they embraced a profound connection to the Earth and firmly held philosophical ideals. Choosing the serene Tittenhurst Park and later Delaware County, they harmonized public life with personal peace. Their Argyle Farm and Dreamstreet Holsteins symbolized their values, nurturing remarkable animals that embodied their quest for an authentic, organic life. 

This venture into dairy farming highlights that famous personalities often have layers as intricate and surprising as their artistic works, challenging our perceptions of who they indeed are.

Key Takeaways:

  • John Lennon and Yoko Ono were not just musicians and artists but also advocates for peace and sustainability.
  • Their decision to own dairy cattle was influenced by their desire to connect with the earth and promote organic farming.
  • Their farming ventures spanned locations from the serene Tittenhurst Park in England to the fertile lands of Delaware County, New York.
  • Their Argyle Farm, which was managed by Dreamstreet Holsteins, became a symbol of their agricultural aspirations.
  • Several notable animals from their dairy farm gained recognition, reflecting the commitment and care extended by Lennon and Ono.
  • Their organic farming practices underscored a deeper philosophical quest for authentic peace and harmony with nature.

Summary: 

John Lennon and Yoko Ono, two renowned musicians and avant-garde artists, met in 1966 at a London art exhibit, sparking a romantic and artistic partnership that became inseparable in 1969. Their “Bed-Ins for Peace” in Amsterdam and Montreal symbolized their peace activism and shared vision for a peaceful, creative world. The couple’s decision to own dairy cattle was driven by their interests in rural life, self-sustainability, and their philosophical alignment with environmental and humanitarian principles. Lennon’s pastoral retreat reflected his inner struggles, while Ono, known for her avant-garde art, viewed the dairy farming venture as performance art. The Lennon-Ono Dairy Dream was realized through the establishment of Argyle Farm in Bovina Center, New York, facilitated by George Morgan, the operator of Dreamstreet Holsteins, Inc. Owning dairy farms allowed them to break away from the artificiality of celebrity life, providing a grounding force that influenced their music, art, and public personas.

Learn more: 

Categories : Breeder Profiles
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New Rule: Dairy Cows Need Influenza Test Before Minnesota Fairs

Friday, June 14th, 2024

Learn about the new rule requiring dairy cows to test negative for H5N1 influenza before attending Minnesota fairs. How will this impact local exhibitions?

This summer, dairy cows making their way to county fairs in Minnesota will be subject to a crucial new requirement of a influenza test. The Minnesota Board of Animal Health has now mandated a negative test for the H5N1 virus before any lactating dairy cow can participate in an exhibition for “display or judging.” This significant measure is aimed at ensuring the safety of both the animals and the public. 

The H5N1 virus, a strain commonly found in wild birds, has proven to be a significant threat, causing the deaths of millions of chickens and turkeys in the past two years. Its recent detection in dairy cattle , including a Minnesota farm, has raised concerns. This underlines the importance of the new testing requirement and the need for increased vigilance in the dairy farming community. 

“While H5N1 influenza in dairy cases are still being studied across the country, initial insights show milk and the udders are a hotspot for influenza virus on infected cows, which makes showing lactating dairy at events a higher risk,” said Katie Cornille, senior veterinarian of Cattle Programs at the Board of Animal Health.

Cornille said requiring a negative test before an exhibition will reduce the risk. Any cows that test positive will be quarantined for 30 days. The U.S. Department of Agriculture also has dairy cattle testing requirements in place. 

Dairy cows must have a negative H5N1 test before they can be moved across state lines. Health officials say there is currently little risk to humans from the virus. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), pasteurized dairy products remain safe to consume. 

The CDC recommends that people who work with sick or potentially infected animals wear personal protective equipment. Officials have reported cases in Michigan and Texas where humans were infected. 

Key Takeaways:

  • All lactating dairy cows must have a negative H5N1 test before participating in any fairs or exhibitions.
  • The H5N1 virus, commonly found in wild birds, has caused significant poultry deaths and has recently been detected in dairy cattle.
  • Cows that test positive will be quarantined for 30 days to prevent the potential spread of the virus.
  • The U.S. Department of Agriculture has established nationwide dairy cattle testing requirements, including those for interstate movement.
  • Health officials assure that pasteurized dairy products remain safe for consumption.
  • Precautions like personal protective equipment are recommended for those working with sick or potentially infected animals.
  • Confirmed cases of human infection have been reported in Michigan and Texas.

Summary: The Minnesota Board of Animal Health has mandated a negative H5N1 test for lactating dairy cows before participating in county fairs. This measure aims to ensure the safety of both animals and the public. The H5N1 virus, a strain found in wild birds, has caused millions of chicken and turkey deaths in the past two years. Recent detection in dairy cattle, including a Minnesota farm, has raised concerns. The new testing requirement is aimed at reducing the risk of the virus, and any cows that test positive will be quarantined for 30 days. The U.S. Department of Agriculture also has dairy cattle testing requirements in place. Dairy cows must have a negative H5N1 test before they can be moved across state lines. Health officials say there is currently little risk to humans from the virus, and the CDC recommends that people working with sick or potentially infected animals wear personal protective equipment. Officials have reported cases in Michigan and Texas where humans were infected.

Categories : Show and Sale Recap
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Reducing Lameness and Injuries in Dairy Cattle: Effective Strategies and Overcoming Barriers for Farmers

Thursday, June 13th, 2024

Discover effective strategies to reduce lameness and injuries in dairy cattle. Learn how to overcome common barriers and improve herd welfare. Ready to make a change?

Lameness, a condition characterized by abnormal gait or stance, and leg injuries in dairy cattle are not just serious issues, they are economic threats. They cause pain for your cows and can lead to significant welfare concerns. Plus, they directly impact your farm’s profitability, with decreased milk production, higher vet costs, and sometimes early culling. Understanding and tackling these problems is essential for your herd’s well-being and the financial health of your farm. 

In this article, we’ll cover: 

  • The current prevalence of Lameness and injuries
  • Main risk factors
  • Effective prevention and treatment methods
  • Barriers to implementing best practices

Dealing with Lameness and injuries isn’t just about animal health; it’s crucial for your farm’s sustainability and profitability.  But don’t worry, we’re here to provide you with practical insights and actionable advice that you can implement on your farm. Keep reading to empower yourself with the knowledge to tackle these challenges.

Lameness and Injuries: An Underscored Challenge for Dairy Farmers 

Injury TypePrevalence RangeAverage Prevalence (%)
LamenessVariable22.8%
Hock Injuries12% – 81%46.5%
Knee Injuries6% – 43%24.5%
Neck Injuries1% – 33%17%

Regrettably, lameness injuries in dairy cattle are a global challenge, affecting dairy farmers worldwide. It’s not just your farm; nearly a quarter of all herds may experience Lameness at any given time, impacting their welfare and productivity. Hock injuries are also widespread, affecting between 12% and 81% of cows within a herd. This shared struggle underscores the importance of implementing best practices in preventing, controlling, and treating Lameness and injuries among dairy cattle. 

While knee and neck injuries are less common, they still present a significant issue, ranging from 6% to 43% Lameness injuries and 1% to 33% for neck injuries. These stats underscore the critical need for best practices in preventing, controlling, and treating Lameness and injuries among dairy cattle. 

Lameness and injuries impact animal welfare and have significant economic consequences. Lame cows often produce less milk, have poorer reproductive Lameness, and face higher culling rates. However, by addressing these issues, you cannot only fulfill your ethical responsibility but also significantly improve your farm’s financial health. 

To tackle Lameness and injuries effectively, you must understand the diverse risk factors, including housing conditions, management practices, and individual cow characteristics. Adopting evidence-based strategies from recent studies can improve your herd’s well-being and boost yoLamenesss productivity and profitability.

Understanding the Risk Factors: Effective Prevention and Management 

Understanding the risk factors linked to Lameness and injuries in dairy cattle is essential for effective prevention and management. These risks include housing, management, and cow-level factors. 

Housing Factors 

How you house your cattle directly impacts their health, especially concerning Lameness and injuries. 

  • Bedding Depth and Type: Deep, soft bedding like sand helps reduce hock and knee injuries.
  • Access to Pasture: Grazing decreases time on hard surfaces, lowering lameness risk.
  • Flooring Type: Rubber flooring offers better hoof cushioning and tracLamenessn concrete.
  • Stall Design: Well-sized stalls prevent neck and knee injuries.

ManagemeLamenessrs 

Good management practices, such as [insert specific examples here], are vital to minimize Lameness and injuries. 

  • Stall Cleanliness: Clean stalls prevent infections that could cause Lameness.
  • Frequency of Trimming: Regular hoof trimming keeps hooves healthy.
  • Holding Times: Shorter holding times reduce leg stress.
  • Stocking Density: Avoid overcrowding to minimize injury risks.

Cow-Level Factors 

Individual characteristics also affect lameness and injury risks. 

  • Body Condition: Poor body condition makes cows more prone to Lamenessies.
  • Parity: Older cows or those with more calves are at higher risk.
  • Previous Injuries:  Existing injuries are more likely to develop Lameness.

Focusing on these risk factors and taking appropriate actions significantly reduces Lameness and injuries in your herd.

Preventing Lameness and Injuries: Essential Strategies for a Healthy Herd 

Preventing lameness and injuries is critical to keeping your cows healthy and productive on your dairy farm. One essential strategy is routine hoof trimming, which involves [insert specific details here]. Regular trims maintain proper hoof shape and function, reducing stress on your cows’ legs and feet. 

Improving hoof cushioning is another vital step. Providing access to pasture, using deep-bedded stalls, or adding rubber flooring can all reduce injury risk. Sand bedding also offers excellent cushioning and drainage. 

Ensure appropriate stocking densities to avoid overcrowding, which can lead to lameness and injuries. Give your cows enough space to move freely. Reducing time spent on hard surfaces by minimizing waiting times also helps prevent Lameness. 

Footbaths are crucial, too. Regular footbaths clean and disinfect hooves, preventing infections. Make footbaths a part of your herd’s weekly routine. 

Lastly, keep stalls clean, check for injuries regularly, and ensure your cows are in good physical condition. These practices can create a healthier environment and reduce injuries.

Early Detection and Intervention: Key to Managing Lameness and Injuries 

Early detection and intervention are crucial when treating Lameness and injuries in dairy cattle. Catching problems early allows you to manage them before severely affecting your herd’s health and productivity. 

EffectiLamenessment Options 

Here are some effective treatment methods: 

  • Hoof Trimming: Regular hoof trimmiLameness hooves in proper shape, helping to prevent Lameness.
  • Footbaths: Footbaths with solutions like copper sulfate can treat infections that lead to Lameness.
  • Anti-inflammatory Medications: Medications can reduce pain and swelling, helping cattle recover faster.
  • Topical Treatments: Ointments and sprays can aid in healing injuries like hock sores.
  • Bandaging: Proper bandaging supports and protects injured areas for quicker healing.
  • Environmental Modifications: Improving beddiLamenesstall designs can create a more comfortable environment, reducing injuries.

The Role of Early Detection 

Early detection is critical to managing Lameness and injuries effectively. Regular hoof inspections, observing cattle movements, and using tech tools can help identify issues earlLamenessg promptly can prevent minor problems from escalating. 

By focusing on early detection and using these treatment options, you can better manage LamLamenessd injuries on your dairy farm, keeping your cattle healthy and productive.

Overcoming Barriers: Your Path to Improving Herd Welfare 

Addressing Lameness and injuries on your dairy farm can feel like a tough climb, especially when facing barriers to best practice adoption. These barriers can significantly impact the welfare of your herd. 

Extrinsic barriers are tangible obstacles like time, money, and space. For example, routine hoof trimming or installing better flooring can be costly and time-consuming, particularly for farms with tight budgets. Limited physical space can also be challenging, especially for retrofitting lameness facilities. 

Intrinsic barriers involve mindset and Lamenesson. Whether you see it as a minor or severe welfare concern, your attitude towards Lameness impacts your management decisions. Some might think Lameness is inevitable in dairy farming, affecting your willingness to adopt new practices. Habits and resistance to change also play a role in making new approaches harder to implement. 

Understanding these barriers is the first step towards overcoming them and ensuring the well-being of your herd. Recognizing where you stand can help you develop strategies to addressLamenessbstacles, leading to a healthier and more productive operation.

Teamwork: The Key to Lameness and Injury Management on Your Dairy Farm

Managing Lameness and injuries on your dairy farm is a team effort. Each player has a unique role in keeping your herd healthy and productive. Lamenessrs make crucial decisions about housing, nutrition, and healthcare. Your proactive management and regular monitoring are essential for reducing Lameness and injuries. 

Farm staff provide lameness care and need the training to spot early signs of lameness. Please encourage them to report any issues quickly. 

Veterinarians diagnose and treat lameness, guide lameness, and devise preventive measures and treatment plans. Regular check-ups are vital. 

Hoof Trimmers maintain hoof health through regular lameness, preventing Lameness and ensuring cow comfort. 

Nutritionists design balanced diets that impact overall health and hoof condition, preventing Lameness linked to poor nutrition. 

Other advisors, like consultants and welfare auditors, offer insights and strategies to overcome barriers and adopt best practices. 

By leveraging the strengths of each stakeholder, you can create a comprehensive approach to manage Lameness and injuries, ensuring a healthier, more productive herd.

The Bottom Line

Lameness and leg injuries are significant concerns in dairy farming, impacting cattle welfare and productivity. Knowing the risk factors—housing, management, and cow-specific—helps you adopt lameness prevention strategies. Lameness is essential for regular hoof trimming, good bedding, well-designed stalls, early detection, and timely intervention. 

Addressing barriers to best practices means tackling external challenges, like time and resources, and internal ones, like attitudes and priorities. A team of appaLamenessfarm staff, vets, hoof trimmers, and advisors ensures thorough care and decision-making for your herd. 

Prioritizing cattle welfare by managing Lameness and injuries improves cows’ quality of life and boosts farm profitability and sustainability. These strategies and overcoming barriers lead to a healthier, more productive dairy farm.

Key Takeaways:

  • Prevalence: Lameness affects an average of 22.8% of cows within herds globally, while hock injuries range from 12% to 81%.
  • Housing Factors: Variables such as bedding type and depth, stall design, and access to pasture significantly impact lameness and injury rates.
  • Management Practices: Regular hoof trimming, maintaining clean stalls, and controlling stocking density are crucial for preventing lameness.
  • Cow-Level Factors: Body condition, age, and previous injuries play a role in a cow’s susceptibility to lameness and injuries.
  • Preventive Measures: Effective strategies include rubber flooring for better hoof traction, deep-bedded stalls, and routine footbaths.
  • Barriers to Best Practices: Challenges include limited time, financial constraints, space issues, and farmer mindset and priorities.
  • Collaborative Effort: Managing lameness and injuries requires teamwork involving farmers, veterinarians, hoof trimmers, nutritionists, and other advisors.

Summary: 

Lameness and leg injuries in dairy cattle are significant issues that can lead to welfare concerns, economic impacts, decreased milk production, higher vet costs, and early culling. These problems affect nearly a quarter of all herds, with hock injuries also widespread. Knee and neck injuries are less common but still significant, ranging from 6% to 43% for leg injuries and 1% to 33% for neck injuries. To effectively tackle lameness and injuries, it is essential to understand risk factors, adopt evidence-based strategies, and implement early detection and intervention methods. Regular hoof inspections, observing cattle movements, and using tech tools can help identify issues early and prevent minor problems from escalating. Overcoming barriers to best practice adoption is crucial for improving herd welfare and fostering teamwork on dairy farms.

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The Role of Genomic Information in Managing Inbreeding and Enhancing Dairy Catte Health and Performance

Friday, May 31st, 2024

Discover how genomic inbreeding impacts livestock health and performance. Learn advanced methods to measure homozygosity and manage herds effectively. Curious? Read on.

Have you ever wondered why managing inbreeding is crucial for the health and performance of dairy cattle? The genetic makeup of these animals directly impacts their fitness, well-being, and productivity. Inbreeding, necessary for preserving desirable traits, can also lead to inbreeding depression, negatively affecting these factors. 

Understanding inbreeding is essential for protecting individual animals’ health and ensuring livestock production’s sustainability. High levels of homozygosity, where identical alleles come from both parents, can reveal hidden genetic flaws that otherwise stay unnoticed. 

“Inbreeding is double-edged; while it can amplify valuable traits, it often brings genetic weaknesses into the spotlight.”

Genomic information helps us better estimate and manage inbreeding. Advanced techniques using this data provide more accurate measures than traditional pedigree-based methods. One promising tool is the calculation of runs of homozygosity, offering a clearer picture of genetic makeup. 

This article explores traditional and modern measures of inbreeding, the effects of homozygosity on health and performance, and the latest advancements in genomic tools. By using this knowledge in breeding programs, we can balance genetic progress with sustained heterozygosity, improving the viability of dairy herds.

Pedigree-Based Inbreeding Coefficients: Tracking Lineage and Its Limitations

One traditional measure of inbreeding is using pedigree information to calculate inbreeding coefficients. This involves tracing an animal’s ancestry to find common ancestors and estimating the likelihood of inheriting identical alleles. While this method is popular because historical records are available, it has limitations. 

Firstly, pedigree-based coefficients depend on the accuracy of these records. Any errors or missing data can lead to incorrect estimates. They also assume equal allele transmission probability, ignoring factors like genetic drift and selection pressures. 

Additionally, these coefficients often miss recent inbreeding events, focusing on genetic identity over multiple generations. This can hinder real-time management of inbreeding levels in a herd. 

Another area for improvement is that pedigree-based methods only provide a probabilistic estimate, not a precise measure of actual homozygosity in the genome. This results in less accurate assessments of inbreeding’s effects on health and performance. 

In summary, while traditional pedigree-based inbreeding measures have their uses, they lack the precision needed for effective inbreeding management. This has led to the development of advanced genomic methods for a clearer, more accurate picture of inbreeding levels.

Advancements in Genomic Technologies have Revolutionized the Measurement of Inbreeding. 

Advancements in genomic technologies have revolutionized the measurement of inbreeding. One key innovation is the concept of runs of homozygosity (ROH). These are continuous stretches of identical DNA passed down from both parents, and they can be identified using high-density SNP panels such as the Illumina Infinium BovineHD BeadChip. 

CharacteristicPedigree-Based InbreedingGenomic-Based Inbreeding
Data SourceLineage recordsSNP panels (e.g., Illumina Infinium BovineHD BeadChip)
Measurement UnitInbreeding Coefficient (Fped)Genomic Inbreeding Coefficient (FROH)
AccuracyLess accurate due to reliance on historical recordsMore accurate due to direct assessment of genetic material
ResolutionLow; depends on the completeness and reliability of pedigree informationHigh; identifies specific genomic regions of homozygosity
ApplicabilityUseful for populations with extensive pedigree recordsApplicable regardless of the availability of pedigree information
Usage in ManagementCommon for traditional breeding programsIncreasingly important for modern genomic selection programs

Unlike traditional pedigree-based methods, which can be inaccurate, ROH offers a direct measure of a genome’s homozygosity. This provides a more precise estimate of autozygosity, giving a clearer picture of genetic inbreeding by examining the actual DNA. 

In a study of 68,127 dairy cows, ROH showed predictive solid power for identifying regions with high autozygosity. ROH proved a reliable indicator, as validated by Pearson correlations across SNP datasets. 

Integrating ROH into breeding programs can enhance mate selection and help avoid harmful homozygous regions. This approach maintains genetic diversity while improving livestock health and performance. In short, using ROH significantly advances understanding and managing inbreeding at the genomic level.

Unveiling the Impact of Homozygosity on Livestock Phenotypes: A Key to Health and Performance Management 

TraitCost of Inbreeding (%)
Milk Yield-2.5
Fertility-4.3
Longevity-3.6
Growth Rate-2.8
Health-3.1

Understanding the impact of homozygosity on phenotypes is essential for managing livestock health and performance. Inbreeding increases homozygosity, negatively affecting traits like health, fitness, and production levels. 

Health issues from inbreeding include more genetic disorders and disease susceptibility. This happens because harmful recessive alleles become more common in homozygous states. In dairy cows, inbreeding raises the frequency of stillbirths and hereditary conditions. 

Inbreeding also impacts the fitness of livestock. You might see declines in fertility, shorter lifespans, and reduced vigor. Studies link higher homozygosity to decreased reproductive success and lower calf survival rates. 

Inbreeding can significantly reduce milk yield, growth rates, and feed efficiency for production levels due to the loss of beneficial heterozygous genotypes. Research shows that as homozygosity increases, milk production often decreases. 

In short, the adverse effects of increased homozygosity due to inbreeding are widespread. They affect critical traits necessary for livestock viability and productivity. Strategically using genomic information can help mitigate these adverse effects and support sustainable breeding practices.

Inbreeding LevelCoefficient RangeImpact on HealthImpact on Performance
Low< 3%Minimal negative effectsOptimal productivity levels
Medium3% – 10%Increased susceptibility to diseasesModerate decline in production traits
High> 10%High risk of genetic disordersSignificant reduction in growth and output

Decoding Detrimental Haplotypes: Safeguarding Livestock Health and Performance 

Identifying detrimental homozygous haplotypes that negatively impact livestock health and performance requires precision. Researchers start by collecting extensive genotypic data from a large sample of animals, like the 68,127 dairy cows in this study, using high-density SNP panels such as the Illumina Infinium BovineHD BeadChip. 

Next, imputation fills in missing genetic data, estimating ungenotyped SNPs to create a comprehensive dataset. For instance, cows genotyped with medium-density SNP panels were imputing a higher density of 84,445 SNPs, which enhanced the accuracy of genomic inbreeding coefficients. 

Scientists then identify runs of homozygosity (ROH), continuous stretches of homozygous genotypes, which suggest common ancestry. Sophisticated algorithms and Pearson correlations validate these ROHs. 

The identified ROH regions are cross-referenced with phenotypic data to spot any detrimental effects linked to specific haplotypes. Calculations of correlations and regression coefficients ensure robust results. 

Researchers can incorporate this knowledge into breeding programs by pinpointing detrimental haplotypes and selectively managing animals to reduce negative impacts on future generations.

Genomic Mate Selection: Precision Breeding for Genetic Health 

Implementing genomic information in mate selection and breeding programs has revolutionized inbreeding management. Traditional methods used pedigree-based inbreeding coefficients, which lacked precision. Now, with genomic data like runs of homozygosity (ROH), breeders make more accurate decisions. 

Genomic mate selection programs estimate genetic potential and inbreeding risks using genomic information. This helps identify optimal mating pairs, balancing genetic gain with diversity, and promoting healthier livestock. For instance, data from 68,127 dairy cows helps predict breeding outcomes more precisely, aiding better decisions. 

Imputation methods further improve data accuracy. Medium-density (MD) SNP panels can be imputed to higher SNP densities, validated with 329 cows, enhancing the accuracy of genomic inbreeding coefficients. This enables better mapping of homozygous regions and detecting detrimental haplotypes, improving breeding outcomes. 

Integrating genomic measures in breeding programs combines pedigree and genomic info, offering a comprehensive tool for better mate selection. Studies using Illumina Infinium BovineHD BeadChip and GeneSeek Genomic Profiler HD-150K show these approaches sustain genetic progress while minimizing inbreeding effects. 

Overall, genomic data in breeding programs shifts livestock management towards sustainability, minimizing inbreeding’s detrimental effects, resulting in healthier herds and better performance.

Precision Breeding: Balancing Genetic Progress and Diversity for a Sustainable Dairy Industry

You can maintain genetic progress while managing homozygosity and keeping heterozygosity at acceptable levels. With advanced genomic tools, breeders can select traits like milk production and disease resistance more accurately. By using genomic inbreeding measures, such as runs of homozygosity, breeding programs can minimize the harmful effects of inbreeding while preserving valuable genetic diversity. 

Genomic mate selection can optimize breeding decisions, balancing genetic merit and health. This precision breeding approach reduces the risk of inbreeding and boosts genetic progress. These advanced methods support the industry’s goals of improving productivity and animal welfare, fostering a sustainable, innovative dairy industry.

Harnessing Genomic Insights for Tailored Breeding Strategies: Maximizing Genetic Gains While Maintaining Diversity

One promising area in genomic inbreeding is achieving significant genetic progress. By integrating precise genomic measures, dairy farmers can enhance traits of interest and manage homozygosity more effectively. This ensures balanced heterozygosity, which is crucial for genetic diversity and herd health. Advanced tools allow for accurate identification of beneficial alleles, enabling selective breeding that boosts productivity while minimizing inbreeding impacts. Leveraging detailed genomic information offers a unique chance to tailor breeding strategies for sustained genetic improvement in dairy populations.

Exploring Future Directions: Enhancing Genomic Inbreeding Management Through Advanced Research 

While progress in managing genomic inbreeding has been substantial, many research areas still need exploring. Improving imputation accuracy and robustness in SNP data, as shown in studies with 329 cows, should be a priority. This could lead to better tools for predicting and managing inbreeding. 

Understanding how different SNP panel densities affect inbreeding estimates is also crucial. Correlation studies between FGRM and FROH with various SNP datasets can inform optimal panel designs. Further research into the effects of ancestral genotyping in different scenarios could provide valuable insights. 

Mapping detrimental homozygosity haplotypes remains critical. Technological advances could help identify these regions more precisely, allowing for targeted breeding strategies to mitigate their negative effects. 

Integrating machine learning and artificial intelligence in genomic prediction models could revolutionize precision breeding. Using large datasets, such as those of 68,127 dairy cows, these technologies can refine inbreeding depression predictions, improving mate selection and herd management. 

Interdisciplinary collaboration among geneticists, breeders, and data scientists is essential. Combining genetic insights with advanced computational methods will lead to new, practical tools for managing genomic inbreeding in livestock.

The Bottom Line

In conclusion, integrating genomic information into livestock breeding programs is essential. Traditional pedigree-based inbreeding coefficients, though important, have their limitations. Genomic technologies, such as runs of homozygosity, offer more accurate insights into autozygosity and its effects on health and performance. These tools allow breeders to manage genetic diversity better, identify harmful haplotypes, and make smarter mating decisions. This approach enhances animal fitness and productivity while supporting the dairy industry’s sustainability. Continued research to improve these genomic methods will lead to more robust and resilient livestock populations.

Key Takeaways:

  • Inbreeding Depreciation: Inbreeding negatively impacts animal fitness, health, and productivity, making it a pressing issue in livestock management.
  • Genomic Inbreeding Measures: Genomic information provides more precise estimates of inbreeding compared to traditional pedigree-based methods.
  • Runs of Homozygosity (ROH): Continuous stretches of homozygous genotypes provide a better estimate of autozygosity and genetic health at the genomic level.
  • Mate Selection Programs: Incorporating genomic information into breeding programs enhances the accuracy of mating decisions, reducing the negative effects of inbreeding.
  • Balancing Genetic Gains and Diversity: Using genomic insights can help maintain high genetic progress while managing homozygosity and sustaining heterozygosity.
  • Future Research Needs: Further research is essential to refine genomic inbreeding management methods and ensure sustainable livestock production.

Summary: Inbreeding is a critical factor in dairy cattle’s health and performance, affecting their fitness, well-being, and productivity. High levels of homozygosity can reveal hidden genetic flaws, affecting individual animals’ health and ensuring livestock production’s sustainability. Advancements in genomic technology have revolutionized inbreeding measurement, offering runs of homozygosity (ROH) as a direct measure of a genome’s homozygosity. Understanding the impact of homozygosity on phenotypes is crucial for managing livestock health and performance. Inbreeding increases homozygosity, negatively affecting traits like health, fitness, and production levels. Incorporating genomic information into breeding programs helps breeders make more accurate decisions, identifying optimal mating pairs, balancing genetic gain with diversity, and promoting healthier livestock. Precision breeding is essential for maintaining genetic progress while managing homozygosity and keeping heterozygosity at acceptable levels. Technological advances could help identify detrimental homozygosity haplotypes more precisely, allowing for targeted breeding strategies to mitigate their negative effects.

Categories : Mating Recommendations
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FDA Greenlights Bovaer: A Revolutionary Methane-Reducing Supplement for US Dairy Cattle, Launching in 2024

Tuesday, May 28th, 2024

Learn how the FDA-approved Bovaer supplement can reduce methane emissions from dairy cattle by 30%. Are you prepared to transform your dairy farm into a model of sustainability and profitability?

“Bovaer’s approval signifies a pivotal shift for sustainable dairy farming, offering a viable solution to one of agriculture’s most pressing environmental challenges,” said Katie Cook, Vice President of livestock Sustainability and Farm Animal Marketing at Elanco.

By adding Bovaer to cattle feed, dairy farmers can reduce methane emissions, a key climate concern. This supplement supports the dairy industry’s sustainability goals. It helps farmers make more money by joining environmental programs and voluntary carbon markets.

Innovative Breakthrough: Bovaer Approved to Combat Methane Emissions in Dairy Farming

Bovaer, also called 3-nitrooxypropanol (3-NOP), is a new feed additive made to cut down methane emissions from dairy cows. The development of Bovaer is a big step forward in agricultural science, aimed at solving a major environmental problem caused by livestock farming. Bovaer’s journey from idea to approval involved a lot of research and testing. Created by dsm-Firmenich, the project included cooperation with experts in animal nutrition and environmental science worldwide. Over the years, many trials showed Bovaer’s effectiveness and safety, leading to a multi-year review by the FDA. This detailed review ensured that Bovaer met all the strict safety and effectiveness standards, resulting in its recent approval for use in the US dairy industry. This approval is critical in pushing for more sustainable dairy farming practices. It highlights the potential of science-driven solutions in fighting climate change.

FDA’s Rigorous and Comprehensive Review Process for Bovaer Ensures Safety and Efficacy 

The FDA’s review of Bovaer was comprehensive. It initially focused on preclinical trials to assess 3-NOP’s chemical properties and impacts on animal health and the environment. Detailed toxicology assessments confirmed the supplement’s safety at recommended dosages. 

Subsequent controlled clinical trials on various dairy farms evaluated Bovaer’s efficacy in reducing methane emissions and its effects on cow health, milk production, and quality. These trials demonstrated a 30% reduction in methane emissions. 

The FDA also reviewed dsm-firmenich’s manufacturing processes and quality control measures, ensuring the supplement’s consistency and purity. Environmental assessments confirmed no adverse impact on soil or water systems. 

Having met these rigorous safety and effectiveness standards, Bovaer presents a viable methane-reducing solution for the dairy industry. The FDA’s approval marks a significant advancement, enabling broader adoption of this innovative technology in the United States.

Bovaer’s Biochemical Mechanism: A Closer Look at the Enzyme Inhibition in Ruminant Methane Production

Bovaer functions inside a cow’s rumen, focusing on a critical enzyme involved in methane production. The rumen is a unique part of the stomach in animals like cows, containing microorganisms that break down plant material. Methane, a byproduct of this process, is mainly produced by microorganisms called methanogens. 

The compound 3-NOP, or Bovaer, stops the enzyme methyl-coenzyme M reductase (MCR), essential for making methane from carbon dioxide and hydrogen. By attaching to the active part of MCR, Bovaer blocks its regular activity, preventing the creation of methane. 

As a result, the hydrogen that would have made methane is used differently, boosting the production of volatile fatty acids. These acids are then absorbed and used by the cow for energy. This reduces methane emissions, a potent greenhouse gas, and increases cows’ energy efficiency, making Bovaer a significant step forward for sustainable dairy farming.

The Environmental Imperative: Unlocking Climate Benefits Through Methane Reduction in Dairy Farming

Reducing methane emissions from dairy cattle holds significant environmental potential, especially in the fight against climate change. Methane is about 27 times more effective than carbon dioxide at trapping heat. Since methane has a short atmospheric lifespan of roughly a decade, cutting its emissions can yield rapid climate benefits.

Lowering methane emissions from dairy operations enhances agricultural sustainability. Fewer greenhouse gases mean less severe climate changes and more stable growing conditions, supporting food security.

Reducing methane also aligns with global climate initiatives, like the Paris Accord. Innovations such as Bovaer help nations meet these targets, promoting environmental stewardship and making the dairy industry a leader in sustainability.

Methane-reducing solutions like Bovaer are crucial for a more resilient and sustainable agricultural future. By tackling a major environmental issue, stakeholders contribute meaningfully to fighting global warming and benefit economically from new programs and carbon markets.

Strategic Alliances and Market Readiness: Preparing for Bovaer’s Landmark Launch in Late 2024

As a result of years of hard work and review, Bovaer will launch commercially in late 2024. This important initiative will bring together expertise from dsm-Firmenich and Elanco Animal Health Inc. The goal is to make the methane-reducing supplement sustainably produced and widely available. DSM-Firmenich, which created Bovaer, uses its advanced biochemical knowledge to manufacture the supplement to the highest standards. On the other hand, Elanco Animal Health Inc. will use its vast distribution network and market presence across North America, making Bovaer accessible to dairy farmers who want to adopt sustainable practices. This collaboration between these industry leaders aims to drive a significant move towards more environmentally friendly dairy farming.

Practical Implementation and Efficacy: Maximizing Bovaer’s Climate Impact in Dairy Farming

Understanding how to use Bovaer and its effectiveness is essential for dairy farmers considering this new option. To put it into practice, farmers must give one tablespoon per lactating cow daily. This small change in daily feeding can reduce methane emissions by about 30%. In simpler terms, this means each cow would produce 1.2 metric tons less CO2e each year, showing the significant positive impact of this supplement on the climate when used widely.

Turning Point in Dairy Farming: Bovaer’s Role in Environmental Stewardship and Economic Sustainability

The approval and impending launch of Bovaer mark a transformative shift in dairy farming. Bovaer offers a powerful tool to reduce the industry’s environmental footprint. For producers, integrating Bovaer into daily operations is not just about meeting stringent ecological regulations; it’s a tangible step toward sustainability. 

Governments worldwide are tightening regulations on greenhouse gas emissions, and dairy farmers face increasing pressure to demonstrate their environmental stewardship. By significantly reducing methane emissions—a key contributor to global warming—Bovaer provides a direct path for farmers to meet and exceed these requirements, thereby avoiding penalties and enhancing the sector’s reputation as a proactive climate leader. 

Financial incentives tied to environmental performance are significant. Using Bovaer allows farmers to tap into voluntary carbon markets, where methane reductions can be sold as carbon credits. This offers both additional revenue and promotes wider adoption of climate-smart practices. Earning up to $20 or more per lactating cow annually adds a compelling economic benefit to the environmental gains. 

Beyond immediate financial returns, Bovaer’s broader adoption will likely inspire innovation and investment in sustainable farming technologies. By setting a new standard for methane reduction, Bovaer can catalyze further advancements in eco-friendly solutions, contributing to a more resilient agricultural sector. 

Ultimately, Bovaer’s approval and US market introduction symbolize a pivotal moment for the dairy industry, highlighting the crucial intersection of environmental responsibility and economic viability. As farmers adopt this groundbreaking supplement, ripple effects will be felt across regulatory frameworks, market dynamics, and the global effort to mitigate climate change.

Financial Incentives and Economic Viability: Unlocking New Revenue Streams with Bovaer for Dairy Producers

From a financial perspective, the introduction of Bovaer presents compelling opportunities for dairy producers. The supplement is cost-effective, with an extra cost of only a few cents per gallon of milk per day. Significant environmental and economic returns balance this small investment. By adding Bovaer to their feed, dairy farmers can achieve an annual return of $20 or more per lactating cow. This return comes from benefits like joining voluntary carbon markets and working with USDA and state conservation programs, which can promote sustainability and create more revenue streams.

Expert Commentary: Katie Cook Sheds Light on Bovaer’s Crucial Impact on Sustainable Dairy Farming 

Katie Cook, Vice President of Livestock Sustainability and Farm Animal Marketing at Elanco, emphasizes the critical role Bovaer plays in promoting sustainable dairy farming. She states, “For just a few cents more per gallon of milk, Bovaer provides a practical solution for dairy producers to cut methane emissions and meet the climate goals of food companies and consumer demands for eco-friendly products.” 

Cook adds, “By joining voluntary carbon markets and using USDA and state conservation programs, dairy farmers can make sustainability practices profitable. Using Bovaer not only helps the environment but can also bring in an annual return of $20 or more per lactating cow, showing its economic and environmental value.” Introducing Bovaer is a significant step forward, creating a self-sustaining carbon market for American agriculture.

The Bottom Line

The FDA approval of Bovaer is a big step for the dairy industry and the environment. Bovaer can significantly cut methane emissions, tackle a major environmental issue, and help fight climate change. The FDA’s thorough review ensures this new solution is safe and effective, with Elanco set to launch it in late 2024. By using Bovaer in dairy farming practices, farmers can reduce methane emissions and gain economic benefits from environmental programs and carbon markets. This dual advantage shows Bovaer’s potential to revolutionize the dairy sector, moving towards a more sustainable and economically sound future.

Key Takeaways:

  • Regulatory Milestone: Bovaer, also known as 3-NOP, receives FDA approval after an extensive multi-year review.
  • Environmental Impact: One tablespoon per lactating cow per day can reduce methane emissions by 30%, equivalent to 1.2 metric tons of CO2e annually.
  • Biochemical Mechanism: The supplement works by inhibiting an enzyme in the cow’s rumen responsible for methane formation.
  • Economic Benefits: Potential annual return of $20 or more per lactating cow through engagement in carbon markets and environmental programs.
  • Market Readiness: Bovaer is slated for a commercial launch in North America by Elanco during Q3 2024.


Summary: The FDA has approved Bovaer, also known as 3-nitrooxypropanol (3-NOP), a feed additive designed to reduce methane emissions from dairy cattle. Bovaer has passed rigorous safety and effectiveness reviews after years of study, setting the stage for significant reductions in methane emissions from dairy cattle. This approval is a significant step forward for sustainable dairy farming and combating climate change. Bovaer, created by dsm-Firmenich, supports the dairy industry’s sustainability goals and helps farmers make more money by joining environmental programs and voluntary carbon markets. Preclinical trials focused on assessing 3-NOP’s chemical properties and impacts on animal health and the environment. Controlled clinical trials on various dairy farms demonstrated a 30% reduction in methane emissions. Bovaer functions inside a cow’s rumen, focusing on a critical enzyme involved in methane production. By attaching to the active part of MCR, Bovaer blocks its regular activity, preventing the creation of methane and boosting the production of volatile fatty acids, which are then absorbed and used by the cow for energy.

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How Early Forage in Diets Boosts Performance and Behavior in Dairy Calves: New Findings

Monday, May 27th, 2024

Explore the transformative impact of introducing forage early in dairy calf diets on their performance and behavior. Eager to learn about the distinct advantages of various forage sources? Continue reading to uncover these insights.

A calf’s early diet in dairy farming is not just a routine, but a crucial step towards shaping its future health and productivity. Research illuminates that the type of forage in a calf’s diet can significantly impact its development. By adjusting feed, we can unlock the potential for enhanced growth and well-being. This study delves into how different forage sources in total mixed rations (TMR) can influence dairy calves, offering a glimpse into a future where performance, metabolism, and behavior are revolutionized by our understanding of early forage inclusion. 

The study , titled ‘Forage sources in total mixed rations early in life influence performance, metabolites, and behavior of dairy calves ‘, published in the Journal of Dairy Science, examines the effects of various forage types on young dairy calves. By studying forty-eight Holstein calves, the researchers meticulously evaluated the impact of different forage sources—like Tifton hay and corn silage—on performance, metabolic health, and behavior, ensuring the findings are robust and reliable.

The Power of Early Forage: Setting Calves Up for Success

This study unequivocally underscores the importance of introducing forage early in a calf’s diet. The integration of forage, often overshadowed by traditional feeding methods, yields promising results for growth performance and overall health. The method and timing of forage introduction are pivotal for how effectively dairy calves utilize these fibrous materials. 

Young calves start grazing naturally as early as the second week of life, showing an instinctual preference for forage. This early consumption significantly enhances rumen development and nutrient absorption. Research from the early 2000s highlights the benefits of lower levels of forage inclusion, setting the stage for optimizing calf diets. Studies consistently find that calves offered forage, especially in mixed rations, exhibit increased solid feed intake and improved metabolic responses. 

This study builds on that understanding, showing that calves receiving TMR with forage maintain solid feed intake and have elevated β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations, indicating efficient metabolic processes. Additionally, forage inclusion encourages longer rumination times, a sign of better digestive health and behavioral satisfaction. 

These insights call for a shift in calf-rearing practices. Traditional methods often use grain-heavy starters without forage, but evidence now supports the essential role of fiber. Calves consuming alfalfa hay, for example, show higher starter feed intake than those given other forage types, suggesting that fine-tuning forage sources can maximize benefits. 

On commercial dairy farms, where the norm often excludes forage pre-weaning, feeding protocols need an urgent reevaluation. The integration of quality forage could significantly enhance growth performance and metabolic health, providing a solid foundation for calves’ future productivity. As the industry pivots towards evidence-based feeding strategies, advocating for early forage inclusion becomes not just important, but imperative for optimal dairy calf performance.

Diverse Forage Sources and Their Unique Benefits

Forage SourceUnique Benefits
Tifton Hay (Medium Quality)Supports increased solid feed intake, improves rumination time, and provides fibers essential for digestion.
Tifton Hay (Low Quality)Encourages higher solid feed consumption and enhances rumination, despite lower digestibility compared to medium quality hay.
Corn SilageBoosts solid feed intake, provides a balanced nutrient profile, and enhances digestibility and palatability.

Both ensiled and dry sources showed distinct advantages among the forage options tested. Regardless of quality, Tifton hay significantly enhanced solid feed intake during crucial developmental periods. Corn silage also improved feeding behavior, underscoring the value of diverse forages in calf nutrition. 

These findings align with prior research, such as Castells et al., which highlighted that various forages could equally boost intake and gains without harming feed efficiency or nutrient digestibility. Quality is influential, but the presence of forage itself is vital for healthy development. 

The study noted higher β-hydroxybutyrate levels and increased rumination times in calves fed TMR with forage, indicating better rumen fermentation and metabolic activity. These markers illustrate how forages positively impact rumen development and digestive health, connecting metabolic outcomes with improved behavior. 

Furthermore, the methods of forage inclusion, like total mixed rations, significantly influence outcomes. Different forages interact uniquely with the diet, affecting particle size, physical form, and nutrient content. This complexity necessitates a nuanced approach to forage integration, considering the calf’s developmental stage and dietary goals. 

Ultimately, incorporating diverse forage sources offers benefits beyond nutrition. These forages promote metabolic health, efficient rumination, and proper eating behavior, supporting robust calf growth. Dairy producers should consider these benefits to optimize their feeding programs.

Understanding the Performance and Behavior of Dairy Calves

Incorporating various forage sources in Total Mixed Rations (TMR) enhances growth rates through improved feed efficiency and metabolic health. The study showed that while forages in TMR didn’t significantly change average daily gain or body weight, they did increase solid feed intake, laying a solid foundation for healthy growth. Additionally, higher β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations in calves receiving forage-inclusive diets signified enhanced metabolic health. 

Feed efficiency, a critical aspect of livestock management, improved significantly with diverse forage sources in TMR. This positive trend indicates more effective nutrient utilization, which is crucial for the economic viability of dairy farming. Calves on such TMR diets also exhibited prolonged rumination, a sign of good digestive health and fiber utilization. 

Forage inclusion also influenced behavioral patterns. Calves on forage-inclusive diets showed extended rumination periods associated with better digestive efficiency and general well-being. Despite no significant differences in time spent on various activities, the extended rumination time highlights the necessity of forage for optimal rumen development. 

In essence, including forage in early-life diets for dairy calves boosts growth rates, feed efficiency, and overall health. Strategic forage inclusion in pre- and postweaning diets fosters resilient, healthy, and high-performing dairy cattle. These insights are crucial as we optimize feeding regimens for the benefit of both livestock and dairy producers.

New Findings in Early Forage Inclusion 

ParameterForage Inclusion (MH, LH, CS)No Forage (CON)
Solid Feed Intake (wk 7 & 8)IncreasedLower
Postweaning Feed IntakeHigherLower
Average Daily Gain (ADG)No significant differenceNo significant difference
Body Weight (BW)No significant differenceNo significant difference
Feed Efficiency (FE)LowerHigher
β-Hydroxybutyrate ConcentrationHigherLower
Rumination TimeHigherLower
NDF Intake (Week 8)HigherLower

Recent research highlights the benefits of early forage inclusion in the diets of dairy calves. Studies and meta-analyses confirm that dietary fiber from forage positively influences pre- and post-weaned calf performance. 

Comparing calves fed forage with those on a forage-free diet shows significant behavior and feed efficiency improvements. Forage-fed calves have increased rumination and better nutrient digestion, as seen from a higher neutral detergent fiber intake from week 8. 

The implications for dairy calf management practices are evident. Including forage in the diet enhances feed intake and supports healthier growth. These findings advocate for early dietary forage to optimize metabolic and developmental outcomes.

The Bottom Line

Research highlights the critical role of early forage inclusion in dairy calf development. Adding forage to their diet meets immediate nutritional needs. It promotes beneficial behaviors like increased rumination time, which is essential for long-term health and productivity. Higher β-hydroxybutyrate levels indicate better metabolic adaptation, underscoring the importance of fiber for gut health and rumen development. 

Dairy farmers and nutritionists should reconsider including forage in early calf nutrition to boost feed intake, behavior, and growth. Implementing this requires tailored approaches considering forage quality and proportion in mixed rations. 

Future research should explore the long-term impacts of early forage inclusion on growth and health. It will be crucial to investigate the relationship between gut fill, average daily gain (ADG), and different forage types on metabolic indicators over time. Understanding sustained rumination from early forage can optimize calf nutrition, ensuring smooth transitions into high-yielding dairy cows.

Key Takeaways:

  • Introducing forage early in calves’ diets can significantly enhance rumen development and nutrient absorption.
  • Calves receiving TMR with included forage maintained higher solid feed intake compared to those without forage.
  • The diets containing medium quality hay (MH), low quality hay (LH), and corn silage (CS) all showed increased solid feed intake pre- and postweaning.
  • Despite no significant differences in average daily gain and body weight (BW), forage groups exhibited higher feed efficiency with the CON diet.
  • Calves on TMR-containing forage had elevated β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations, indicating efficient metabolic processes.
  • Supplemental forage led to longer rumination times, signifying better digestive health and behavioral satisfaction.

Summary: A study published in the Journal of Dairy Science suggests that introducing forage early in a calf’s diet can improve growth performance and overall health. Young calves start grazing naturally as early as the second week of life, showing an instinctual preference for forage. This early consumption significantly enhances rumen development and nutrient absorption. Research from the early 2000s has consistently found that calves offered forage, especially in mixed rations, exhibit increased solid feed intake and improved metabolic responses. This study builds on that understanding, showing that calves receiving total mixed rations (TMR) with forage maintain solid feed intake and have elevated β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations, indicating efficient metabolic processes. Forage inclusion encourages longer rumination times, a sign of better digestive health and behavioral satisfaction. The study calls for a shift in calf-rearing practices, as traditional methods often use grain-heavy starters without forage. Integrating quality forage could significantly enhance growth performance and metabolic health, providing a solid foundation for calves’ future productivity.

Categories : Nutrition
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Ringworm: Don’t Let it Ruin Your Show Season

Monday, May 27th, 2024

Unlock powerful treatments for dairy cattle ringworms and master strategies to save your show season. Ready to eliminate ringworm and enhance your chances of winning the ribbon?

Imagine this: months of meticulous preparation for the show season, with early mornings, late nights, and countless hours grooming your prized cattle. Just as the season starts, you notice dreadful hairless, scaly skin patches. It’s ringworm, a fungal infection that can spread like wildfire through your herd and wreak havoc on your plans. 

Ringworm is no minor inconvenience; it’s a show season saboteur. One infected cow can quickly lead to widespread issues. Not only does it mark your cattle’s appearance, but it poses significant health risks and can lead to competition disqualification. The stress of combating this fungus can overshadow even the best-planned show season, turning potential triumph into tragedy.

Recognizing the Symptoms Early On

StageDurationDescription
Incubation Period1 WeekInitial phase post-infection where ringworm spores begin to grow and infection develops before symptoms manifest.
Early Symptoms1-2 WeeksAppearance of initial lesions, characterized by hair loss in circular patterns and small raised areas.
Advanced Symptoms2-4 WeeksFormation of gray-white crusts, pronounced redness, and circular lesions growing up to ten centimeters in diameter.

Early detection is crucial in managing dairy cattle ringworm. At first, symptoms might seem like minor skin issues. Still, observant caretakers will notice classic signs: hair loss in circular patterns, gray-white crusts, and raised red lesions. Typically, these measure between one to ten centimeters in diameter, signaling a fungal infection. 

With an incubation period of around a week, recognizing these signs promptly enables timely intervention. Younger animals, especially calves, are more vulnerable due to their developing immune systems. Environmental factors, such as damp and unsanitary conditions, exacerbate the spread, while poor nutrition and concurrent diseases increase susceptibility. 

Effective identification involves noting these symptoms and assessing the animal’s health and living conditions. Regular screenings and handling animals with gloves can prevent zoonotic transmission. Improving environmental and dietary conditions can bolster the herd’s resilience against dermatophytosis. 

Early recognition of ringworm requires keen observation, knowledge of lesions, and awareness of vulnerability factors. Proactive measures enhance animal welfare and reduce economic losses from widespread infections.

Shielding Show Cattle from Ringworm

Preventing ringworm in show cattle hinges on rigorous biosecurity measures, strict hygiene, and maintaining clean, dry facilities. These strategies can dramatically reduce the risk of this skin ailment. 

Biosecurity measures are essential. Isolate new or returning cattle to monitor for symptoms before mixing them with the show herd. Regularly disinfect equipment, fences, gates, and vehicles to prevent fungal spread. 

Proper hygiene practices are crucial. Regular grooming and inspection help identify early signs of ringworm. Brush and scrape away crusts from lesions to promote healing and minimize spore shedding. Use Enilconazole or other topical medications consistently for effective treatment. 

Clean and dry facilities are vital. To deter fungal growth, ensure housing is well-ventilated and sunlit. Reduce animal density and provide dry bedding materials. Regular cleaning and disinfection prevent fungal establishment. 

By embracing these measures, show cattle can remain healthy and ready for the competitive arena, avoiding the pitfalls of ringworm. 

Conventional Treatments: When and How to Use Them

Ringworm in dairy cattle is more than a cosmetic nuisance—it’s a persistent problem that can impact animal health and farm productivity. Knowing the array of potential treatments and understanding their effectiveness can be crucial in maintaining a healthy herd. Here’s a breakdown of some commonly used treatments and their efficacy: 

TreatmentEffectiveness
Topical Antifungals (e.g., Miconazole)Highly effective when applied consistently over several weeks. Results can often be seen within a few days but require continued application to fully resolve the infection.
Oral Antifungal MedicationsEffective for severe or widespread infections. Typically prescribed by a veterinarian and used for two to four weeks, with results varying based on the specific antifungal used and the extent of the infection.
Lime Sulfur DipsModerately effective, often used in conjunction with other treatments. Provides a fungicidal effect but can be harsh on the skin and requires multiple applications.
Tea Tree OilNatural remedy with antifungal properties. Effectiveness is variable and often best used as a complementary treatment rather than a primary one.
Improved Nutrition and SupplementsIndirectly effective by boosting the animal’s immune system. Not a direct cure but can help in quicker recovery and prevention of future outbreaks.

Effective treatment of ringworm in dairy cattle requires a multifaceted approach, combining topical treatments with environmental management. One widely recognized treatment involves applying topical medications like Enilconazole directly to the lesions caused by Trichophyton verrucosum. Removing crusts by scraping or brushing can enhance these treatments, aiding medication penetration and speeding up recovery. 

For show cattle, the stakes are higher—unsightly lesions can impact their health and performance. Regular application of fungicidal sprays or ointments, ideally twice a week, is crucial. Beyond medication, maintaining high hygiene standards is essential. Stalls, grooming tools, and equipment should be regularly cleaned and disinfected to prevent the recurrence and spread of ringworm. Show cattle should be kept in well-ventilated areas with ample sunlight, as UV light has natural fungicidal properties. 

Caring for cattle during show season involves meticulous management. Avoid overcrowding; provide spacious, clean, and dry living conditions. Always treat infected animals last, changing gloves and clothing to minimize cross-contamination. Promoting overall health through balanced nutrition and reducing stress strengthens the immune system, lowering susceptibility to fungal infections. 

Preventing the spread of ringworm within a herd requires a proactive strategy. Isolate infected individuals promptly to limit direct contact with healthy animals. Thoroughly disinfect the environment, including equipment and housing facilities, to eliminate fungal spores. Consider vaccination where applicable, and consistently monitor the herd for early signs of infection. Educating farm personnel about hygiene and specific protocols for handling ringworm can further safeguard the herd’s health.

Exploring Natural Remedies for Ringworm

Natural remedies for ringworm are gaining popularity due to their minimal side effects and the increasing resistance to conventional treatments. One effective remedy is sunlight. Ringworm-causing fungi thrive in moist, shaded environments, so exposing cattle to direct sunlight can significantly speed up healing. UV rays from the sun harm these fungi, thereby aiding recovery. 

Another powerful natural treatment is garlic. Garlic contains allicin, a compound with potent antifungal properties. Farmers can make a paste by crushing garlic cloves and mixing them with a carrier oil, then applying this paste to the lesions several times a day. This method provides a cost-effective, natural alternative to synthetic treatments. 

Apple Cider Vinegar (ACV) is also highly effective due to its antifungal and antimicrobial properties. Dilute ACV with an equal part of water and apply it to the infected areas twice daily using a clean cloth or sponge until the infection clears. 

Essential oils like tea tree oil and coconut oil are also promising. Tea tree oil is known for its strong antifungal and anti-inflammatory properties. Diluting a few drops in carrier oil and applying them to the lesions can relieve and expedite healing. Similarly, coconut oil contains lauric acid, which has antifungal effects and can be massaged onto the affected areas. 

While natural remedies show potential, it’s essential to use them knowledgeably. Consulting with a veterinarian before starting these treatments ensures the safety of the cattle. It allows for a holistic approach combining natural and conventional methods for optimal recovery.

Diet and Nutrition: Boosting Immunity from Within

Addressing ringworm in dairy cattle starts with enhancing immunity through diet and nutrition. Proper feeding isn’t just about quantity; it’s about the right mix of essential nutrients—vitamins, minerals, and proteins—that bolster health and disease resistance. 

Trace minerals like zinc, copper, and selenium are crucial. Zinc maintains skin integrity, copper supports white blood cell production, and selenium and vitamin E protect cell membranes from damage, all vital for immunity. 

Age, nutrition, and concurrent diseases also affect susceptibility to ringworm. Young animals with developing immune systems and older cattle with nutritional deficiencies need targeted dietary support. Providing high-quality feed and clean water, with regular health and nutritional assessments, is essential. 

Reducing environmental stressors like poor hygiene, overcrowding, and inadequate ventilation complements dietary efforts, minimizing infection risks. 

By bolstering immunity from within, dairy farmers can decrease reliance on external treatments, promoting a healthier, more resilient herd. This holistic approach emphasizes nutrition as a critical factor in disease prevention. 

Creating a Ringworm-Free Environment

Creating a meticulously clean environment is crucial in preventing the spread of ringworm. Thorough and regular cleaning of barns, stalls, and equipment is essential. Use disinfectants that target fungal spores, such as those containing chlorine or hydrogen peroxide. Please pay special attention to grooming tools, bedding, and feeding troughs, ensuring they are disinfected frequently. 

Reducing animal density also plays a significant role in prevention. Overcrowded conditions facilitate fungal disease spread. Ensure well-ventilated and sunlight-exposed areas, as ultraviolet rays deter fungal spores. Eliminating standing water is another crucial aspect of maintaining dry lots. 

Biosecurity measures are equally important. Quarantine new cattle to monitor for infection before integration. Vigilance combined with a clean, well-managed environment underpins a successful ringworm prevention strategy.

Grooming Tips to Prevent Ringworm

Grooming isn’t just a cosmetic task; it’s crucial for preventing ringworm in dairy cattle. Regular grooming helps detect skin issues early, allowing quick intervention. A daily routine removes dirt, debris, and fungal spores from the coat. Soft-bristled brushes are ideal for avoiding irritating skin, mainly if minor abrasions exist. 

It’s vital to sterilize grooming tools after each use. Ringworm spores cling to brushes and combs, spreading the infection. Use diluted bleach or commercial disinfectants, ensuring tools are dry before reuse. This simple step can significantly reduce contagion. 

Incorporate antifungal shampoos like Terminator periodically for both prevention and treatment. Routine washing shouldn’t be too frequent to avoid skin dryness. Still, periodic antifungal baths are effective, particularly after ringworm incidents or during high-risk times. 

Ensure cattle have adequate sunlight and ventilation. Ringworm thrives in damp, dark conditions, so keeping living areas dry and well-ventilated is crucial. A clean environment combined with diligent grooming forms a strong defense against ringworm.

When to Call the Vet: Professional Help for Stubborn Cases

Although diligent care and topical treatments can manage many ringworm cases, there are times when professional help is essential. Persistent, widespread, or severe infections that resist over-the-counter treatments require a vet’s attention. Signs like increased swelling, discharge, or unusual hair loss extending beyond typical ringworm lesions shouldn’t be ignored. 

Veterinarians can offer precise diagnoses using fungal cultures or microscopic exams. They can prescribe stronger systemic antifungal medications tailored to your cattle’s needs. These treatments, crucial for deep infections, must be administered by a vet due to their potency. 

Moreover, vets provide holistic herd management advice, including nutrition and environmental adjustments to boost immunity. This preventive approach is vital, particularly in winter when crowded conditions make infections more likely. 

Young animals are especially vulnerable to dermatophytosis. Timely veterinary intervention prevents complicated health issues and ensures ringworm doesn’t hinder their growth and health. 

While home treatments are crucial, knowing when to seek veterinary help can save time, reduce suffering, and protect your show prospects’ season on the tanbark trail.

Myth-Busting: Common Misconceptions About Ringworm

Many myths and misconceptions surround ringworms, leading to unnecessary panic or ineffective treatments. One prevalent myth is that an actual worm causes ringworm. Contrary to this, it’s a fungal infection caused by Trichophyton verrucosum. It thrives in moist, warm environments and spreads through contact with infected animals or surfaces. 

Another misconception is that ringworms only affect calves and young cattle. While more common in these groups due to their developing immune systems, adult cattle are not immune. Stress, poor nutrition, or a compromised immune system can make them susceptible, underscoring the importance of overall herd health. 

Aside from waiting for the infection to resolve itself, there’s also a belief that little can be done once an animal is infected. While self-limiting and typically lasting from one to four months, prompt treatment can alleviate discomfort and reduce spread. Conventional antifungal treatments or natural remedies can shorten the duration of infection and prevent outbreaks. 

The zoonotic nature of ringworms is another misunderstood point. Handlers might underestimate the risk of cross-species transmission, not realizing humans can contract ringworm from cattle. Proper hygiene and personal protective equipment are essential to prevent this. Regular cleaning and disinfecting of barns, grooming tools, and equipment is crucial. 

Finally, the importance of environmental control is often underestimated. Poor ventilation, damp conditions, and overcrowded conditions breed fungus. Effective management practices, including proper ventilation, regular cleaning, and ensuring dryness, play a substantial role in controlling and preventing ringworm. Addressing these factors is as critical as treating the infected animal. 

The Bottom Line

Addressing ringworm in show cattle is critical for maintaining herd health and performance. Unchecked, this fungal infection spreads quickly, diminishing its show appeal and potentially causing severe skin issues. Visible lesions can negatively affect a dairy farmer’s reputation and the perception of their meticulously groomed animals. 

Proactive management is critical. Regularly monitor for early infection signs, adhere to strict grooming, and keep living areas spotless. Combining conventional treatments with natural remedies and a nutrient-rich diet enhances immunity, building a robust defense against this stubborn fungus.

Combining conventional and natural treatments, better nutrition, and strict environmental management builds a strong defense against ringworm. Vigilant monitoring, prompt treatment, and an immunity-boosting diet ensure a resilient herd, safeguarding animal health and farm productivity. Follow these expert recommendations to turn a potential ringworm outbreak into a victory for proactive animal care and show season success.

Key Takeaways:

  • Early detection of ringworm symptoms is essential for timely treatment and prevention of widespread infections.
  • Young animals are particularly susceptible due to their underdeveloped immune systems.
  • Environmental factors like damp conditions and poor nutrition can increase the risk of ringworm.
  • Effective identification involves careful monitoring of symptoms and the animal’s living conditions.
  • Regular screenings and the use of gloves during handling can prevent zoonotic transmission.
  • Improving the environmental and dietary conditions can bolster the herd’s resistance against infections.
  • Strict biosecurity measures and hygiene practices are crucial for protecting show cattle.
  • Professional veterinary help should be sought for stubborn cases of ringworm.

Summary: Ringworm is a common fungal infection that can cause widespread issues in dairy cattle during the show season. Early detection of ringworm symptoms is crucial, as they may seem like minor skin issues. Younger animals, especially calves, are more vulnerable due to their developing immune systems. Environmental factors, such as damp conditions, poor nutrition, and concurrent diseases, increase susceptibility. Effective identification involves noting symptoms and assessing the animal’s health and living conditions. Regular screenings and handling with gloves can prevent zoonotic transmission, while improving environmental and dietary conditions can strengthen the herd’s resilience against dermatophytosis. Proactive measures enhance animal welfare and reduce economic losses from widespread infections. Shielding show cattle from ringworm requires rigorous biosecurity measures, strict hygiene, and maintaining clean, dry facilities. Careful management during show season involves avoiding overcrowding, providing spacious, clean, and dry living conditions, and treating infected animals last.

Categories : Management
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How Age at Puberty Predicts Longevity and Productivity: Unlocking Dairy Cow Fertility

Friday, May 24th, 2024

Unlock the secrets to dairy cow fertility: How does the age at puberty predict longevity and productivity? Discover the genetic connections and elevate your herd’s performance.

Have you ever considered how a dairy cow’s age at puberty impacts its entire productive life? Surprisingly, it’s a critical factor influencing fertility, longevity, and productivity. Research shows that cows reaching puberty earlier tend to have better reproductive performance, resulting in consistent milk cycles and longer lifespans. 

This relationship isn’t just theoretical; it’s crucial for dairy farmers. Predicting and optimizing reproductive performance can mean thriving or struggling in pasture-based, seasonal systems. Farmers breeding cows for early puberty traits see improvements in calving rates, milk yields, and overall herd health. 

Age at puberty is a critical trait that dairy farmers must prioritize. Its profound influence on fertility and productivity makes it essential for maximizing dairy operations. Understanding the genetics behind this trait can enhance herd efficiency and sustainability.

This article delves into the genetic underpinnings of age at puberty in Holstein-Friesian dairy cattle and its correlations with fertility and body size traits. It offers insights for improved dairy herd management.

Introduction: The Link Between Puberty and Productivity

The drive to boost productivity and longevity in dairy cattle compels researchers to investigate the genetic foundations of critical traits like reproductive performance and body growth. Among these, age at puberty (AGEP), mainly through blood plasma progesterone levels (AGEP4), stands out for its moderate heritability and early occurrence. 

Recognizing that early-life traits can predict future performance, this study examines AGEP4’s genetic roots and its link to fertility and physical growth in Holstein-Friesian cattle. Despite fertility traits like calving rate and pregnancy rate having low heritability, they are crucial for a cow’s productive life. The research aims to enhance breeding programs focused on fertility and productivity by pinpointing genetic markers and correlations. 

Studies, such as those by Nilforooshan and Edriss (2004), highlight reproductive timing’s impact on dairy traits. For instance, reducing age at first calving may slightly decrease productive life but positively affects lifetime profit. Conversely, increasing it can improve productive life and milk income, showing a balance that breeders must manage. 

In pasture-based, seasonal calving systems, predicting and enhancing reproductive traits boosts individual animal performance and aids the whole herd’s economic viability. This comprehensive approach to analyzing genetic and phenotypic variances and genomic associations seeks to link early-life indicators with long-term productivity.

The Science Behind Age at Puberty: Understanding AGEP4

AGEP4, or the age at first measurable elevation in blood plasma progesterone, is crucial for understanding reproductive efficiency in dairy cattle. This early-life trait is more heritable and predictable than traditional fertility metrics like pregnancy rate or inter calving interval, which are less heritable and occur later in life. AGEP4 provides an early indicator, helping farmers make informed decisions long before the first calving event. 

Our study explored the genetic and phenotypic relationships between AGEP4, fertility traits, and body size indicators such as height, length, and body weight (BW). We measured these traits in approximately 5,000 Holstein-Friesian or Holstein-Friesian × Jersey crossbred yearling heifers across 54 seasonal calving herds to reveal insightful patterns and correlations. 

We found that AGEP4 has a moderate heritability of 0.34. In contrast, traditional fertility traits like calving rate (CR42), breeding rate (PB21), and pregnancy rate (PR42) have low heritabilities, often under 0.05. This contrast highlights AGEP4’s potential as a predictor of reproductive success. Genetic correlations between AGEP4 and fertility traits ranged from 0.11 to 0.60, indicating significant genetic linkage. 

Moreover, our Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) identified a strong association between AGEP4 and a genomic window on chromosome 5. We also found suggestive associations on chromosomes 14, 6, 1, and 11, suggesting a complex genetic architecture. These discoveries pave the way for refining genomic predictions of fertility using AGEP4 and other early traits. 

Understanding AGEP4 enhances our grasp of reproductive genetics and provides a strategic tool for improving fertility and longevity in dairy cattle. This knowledge underscores the transformative power of genetic research in achieving efficient and sustainable dairy farming.

Age at Puberty and Longevity

Age at puberty, marking dairy cow reproductive maturity, significantly influences their lifespan. The age at first calving is tied to puberty onset, and reproductive performance is crucial for cow longevity in dairy systems. Optimal age at puberty enhances reproductive performance, boosting longevity and productivity. 

Early puberty correlates with a shorter lifespan. Nilforooshan and Edriss (2004) noted that early or late first calving impacts milk yield, fat percentage, and overall productive life. Cows calving before 700 days see more lifespan variability, underscoring the need for balanced reproductive timing for sustained productivity. 

Proper nutrition and management are crucial to achieving optimal puberty age. Balanced diets and effective health management ensure timely puberty, improving fertility, lifespans, and overall productivity. Strategic feeding, regular health check-ups, and tailored breeding programs are essential for dairy cows to develop appropriately and achieve beneficial reproductive maturity.

Age at Puberty and Productivity

The age at which dairy cows reach puberty, known as age at puberty (AGEP), is pivotal for their productivity and reproductive performance. Understanding the genetic factors behind AGEP helps us predict and enhance fertility, improving milk production in dairy systems. 

Studies consistently show that AGEP significantly affects reproductive performance, impacting traits like inter calving interval and pregnancy rates. Earlier puberty leads to better reproductive outcomes, allowing timely breeding and reducing intervals between lactations. Strategically managing AGEP enhances reproductive efficiency and extends productive life spans for dairy cows. 

Research highlights the link between early puberty and increased milk yield. Nilforooshan and Edriss (2004) found that age at first calving affects milk yield, fat percentage, and overall productive life. Cows reaching puberty early can be bred optimally, resulting in earlier milk production and higher lifetime yields, vital for dairy farm profitability. Reducing the age at first calving, tied to an earlier AGEP, can boost lifetime profit despite potentially shorter productive lives. 

Optimizing AGEP requires a multi-faceted approach: genetic selection, nutritional management, and herd health strategies. Using genome-wide association studies (GWAS), we can identify genetic markers linked to AGEP. Selecting for these traits allows dairy farmers to breed more advantageous heifers. Optimal nutrition during the rearing phase supports earlier puberty without compromising health. Regular health monitoring ensures early-reproducing heifers remain productive. 

In summary, focusing on AGEP optimization enhances reproductive performance and milk production. Leveraging genetic insights, improved nutrition, and robust health management practices leads to more efficient and profitable dairy operations. 

Explore further insights on the impact of accelerated age at first calving and optimal timing for breeding to maximize milk production and profitability.

Unlocking Dairy Cow Fertility

Reproductive performance is crucial for a profitable dairy operation. Fertile cows mean higher milk yields, lower culling rates, and overall efficiency. When cows conceive and calve on time, milk production synchronizes, maximizing output and minimizing input costs. Effective fertility management ensures steady income and economic stability for dairy farms. 

The key to optimizing fertility starts early in a cow’s life. Genetics, nutrition, and management are pivotal. Age at puberty (AGEP) is a critical marker; when cows hit puberty early, they are more likely to calve timely and have a healthy reproductive life. Factors like body condition, health, and environment also impact fertility. 

Monitoring AGEP is essential to managing fertility. This involves balanced nutrition, regular health check-ups, and genetic selection. Utilizing genomic data to manage reproductive traits can enhance breeding strategies and improve fertility outcomes. Dairy farmers can boost fertility rates and long-term profitability by refining these practices.

Key Findings: The Genetic Architecture of AGEP4

One of our study’s key revelations is the robust heritability of AGEP4, quantified at 0.34. This indicates that age at puberty is significantly influenced by genetics, making it a reliable early predictor for reproductive performance in dairy cattle. Conversely, direct fertility traits like calving, breeding, and pregnancy rates had markedly lower heritabilities, all below 0.05. These findings highlight the potential of AGEP4 as an alternative selection criterion to enhance fertility through genetic means. 

The genetic correlations between AGEP4 and fertility traits further underscore its utility. Our data revealed correlations ranging from 0.11 to 0.60, demonstrating a moderate to substantial genetic link between early puberty and reproductive success. This suggests that selecting for lower AGEP4 could improve fertility outcomes, promoting longer-lasting and more productive cows. 

We also explored the associations between AGEP4 and key body size traits—height, length, and body weight—measured at approximately 11 months of age. Although these traits had lower heritabilities (0.21 to 0.33), their genetic correlations with AGEP4 increased to 0.28. These moderate associations indicate that body size traits might indirectly influence or be influenced by the same genomic factors affecting AGEP4. 

Our genome-wide association study (GWAS) identified several genomic regions associated with AGEP4. A significant genomic window on chromosome 5 emerged as a strong candidate influencing AGEP4, with other suggestive associations found on chromosomes 14, 6, 1, and 11. These findings provide insight into the genetic architecture of AGEP4. However, further research is needed to understand the biological mechanisms and validate these associations. 

The practical implications are substantial. By leveraging the genetic basis of AGEP4, dairy farmers can adopt more informed breeding strategies that prioritize early puberty as a marker for better fertility. However, further studies are essential to refine genomic predictions and fully capitalize on selecting AGEP4 to enhance overall herd fertility and productivity.

The Bottom Line

Our research underscores the crucial role of age at puberty (AGEP4) in predicting the longevity and productivity of dairy cows. With moderate heritability and solid genetic links to fertility traits, AGEP4 is an early indicator for future reproductive performance. This is especially valuable given the typically low heritability of direct fertility traits. By understanding AGEP4’s genetic architecture, dairy farmers can make decisions that enhance reproductive efficiency and herd profitability. 

Attention Dairy Farmers: Incorporate AGEP4 into your herd management practices. Monitoring and selecting for AGEP4 can improve fertility rates and extend the productive lifespans of your cows, leading to higher economic returns and a more sustainable farm. 

Future research should aim to deepen our understanding of AGEP4’s relationship with dairy cow health and productivity. Refining genomic predictions and exploring the genetic mechanisms influencing AGEP4 and fertility will pave the way for better breeding strategies and herd management practices, securing the dairy industry’s future.

Key Takeaways:

  • Early puberty as a predictor: Age at puberty, particularly measured through AGEP4, is a moderately heritable trait that can provide early predictions of a cow’s reproductive success.
  • Genetic correlations: The study highlights moderate genetic correlations between AGEP4 and fertility traits, underscoring the importance of genetic screening for improved reproductive performance.
  • Body size relationship: There’s a discernible association between AGEP4 and yearling body-conformation traits like height, length, and body weight, which also hold heritable values.
  • Genomic insights: Research identifies several critical genomic regions associated with variations in AGEP4, opening avenues for targeted breeding strategies.
  • Low heritability of direct fertility traits: Traits such as calving rate, breeding rate, and pregnancy rate exhibit low heritability, making early-life indicators like AGEP4 more valuable for genetic selection.


Summary: The age at puberty in dairy cattle significantly impacts its productive life, affecting fertility, longevity, and productivity. Early puberty results in better reproductive performance, consistent milk cycles, and longer lifespans. This relationship is crucial for dairy farmers, as breeding cows for early puberty traits improves calving rates, milk yields, and overall herd health. Understanding the genetics behind this trait can enhance herd efficiency and sustainability. Researchers are investigating the genetic foundations of critical traits like reproductive performance and body growth, particularly age at puberty (AGEP) through blood plasma progesterone levels (AGEP4). AGEP4 stands out for its moderate heritability and early occurrence, making it an important factor in predicting future performance. Reproductive timing’s impact on dairy traits is highlighted by studies by Nilforooshan and Edriss (2004), which show that reducing age at first calving may slightly decrease productive life but positively affects lifetime profit. Proper nutrition and management are crucial for achieving optimal puberty age, improving fertility, lifespans, and overall productivity.

Categories : Management
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The Seven Deadly Sins of the Dairy Breeding Industry

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Friday, July 18th, 2014

No matter what industry you look at there are always going to be those people who are immoral, shiftless, self-gratifying and good-for-nothing.  Throughout the Middle Ages, the Catholic Church hierarchy emphasized teaching all lay people the Deadly Sins.  We here at the Bullvine decided to take a look at the Seven Deadly Sins in the context of the dairy breeding industry.  The following is what we found:

Lust

Who hasn’t lusted for money, food, fame, power or sex? Come on. We are not monks.  So we are all guilty of this at some point or another.  In the dairy breeding industry there are those who lust for money, fame and power.  Lust for these three desires has led many dairy breeders to their downfall.  Instead of just making their breeding and farm decisions based on sound judgment, they let the desire for money, fame or power influence them and, in the end, make investments or decisions that make no rational sense.  Funny that the animal associated with lust is the dairy cow.

Gluttony

Gluttony is an inordinate desire to consume more than that which one requires. This is often interpreted as selfishness. Essentially it is placing concern with one’s own interests above the well-being or interests of others.  This is one area that I can say very confidently that most members of the dairy community are actually not as guilty of.  (Read more:  Why the Dairy Community is the Greatest in the World….).  However, there are those that have a tendency to overindulge in show ring results.  While I am as big a fan as anyone of the tanbark trail, I often have to remind myself that it is just a passion and remember where it fits relative to the rest of the dairy industry.

Greed

Greed is the desire for material wealth or gain, ignoring the realm of the spiritual. It is, like lust and gluttony, a sin of excess. However, greed (as seen by the church) is applied to a very excessive or rapacious desire and pursuit of material possessions.   “Greed is a sin directly against one’s neighbor, since one man cannot over-abound in external riches, without another man lacking them.”  Lately, I see the dairy breeding industry getting “greedy” with their genetics.  Empire building A.I. companies are not sharing their early release semen, and breeders are now not willing to sell embryos from their top females.  Greed has undoubtedly infected the dairy breeding industry.

Sloth

Sloth is the avoidance of physical or spiritual work.  It certainly would be really hard to accuse most dairy farmers of avoiding physical work. However, there are definitely some areas where sloth is starting to creep in.  No, I am not talking about the skyrocketing number of breeders who are switching to robotic milking systems. These breeders are changing the type of work they are doing as opposed to the amount of work they do.  What I am talking about here are the breeders who are looking to take the easy way out.  On the tanbark trail, it is the breeders who expect to win at the big shows, but don’t realize how much work it takes and fail to do the work 365 days a year that it takes to achieve success.  For the average dairy breeder, I notice sloth tendencies when they make their breeding decisions.  Instead of taking the time to carefully do effective research on the best mate for their cows (Programs like GPS) they look for a quick and easy answer for their breeding programs. (Read more: gPs– Genetic Profile Systems – Dairy Cattle Breeding Made Simple).  Another example of sloth in the dairy breeding industry, is livestock photography.  Many professional photographers have gotten lazy and have let their ethics slide to a point where it is now downright sinful.  (Read more: Dairy Marketing Code of Conduct)

Wrath

Wrath, also known as “rage,” may be described as inordinate and uncontrolled feelings of hatred and anger.  Feelings of anger can manifest in different ways including impatience, revenge, and self-destructive behavior. In the dairy breeding industry, I notice this vice in many breeders choice of which A.I. unit to purchase their semen from.   Instead of purchasing semen from the A.I. company that has the best sire for their animal, some breeders let their anger for a certain organization cloud their judgment and lead to diminished returns in their breeding program.  There are also those who have turned their wrath on us here at the Bullvine (Read more: The Bullvine: Wanted Dead or Alive and  Why I Don’t Care If You Like Me)

Envy

Envy is the desire for others’ traits, status, abilities, or situation. There are many (yes I say many) dairy breeders that are guilty of this.  From those whose envy is relatively mild, such as case of envy over ownership of a certain animal, or breeding success to those that turn almost green with envy over the success of their fellow breeders.

Pride

In almost every list, pride is considered the original and most serious of the seven deadly sins and the source of the others. It is identified as believing that one is fundamentally better than others, failing to acknowledge the accomplishments of others and excessive admiration of the personal self.  In the dairy breeding industry, I notice this in many old school breeders who fail to recognize new tools such as genomics.  They believe that their “breeding strategy” is far superior to that of others and let pride get in the way of achieving even greater success.

The Bullvine Bottom Line

Remember – no one is perfect. Sin, like death, is an unassailable fact of life. It is also one of the last great taboos for public debate. We here at the Bullvine feel that it is possible and necessary to talk about sin in ways that enrich our industry, as well as our personal lives.     These sins have been the downfall of some. However, others find success through overcoming them. It is important to recognize the vices you’re susceptible to and to manage them. Otherwise, these seven deadly sins will be the downfall of your dairy breeding program.

 

 

 

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Other posts you might like:

The Bullvine – The Past, The Present & The Future
Why 84% of Dairy Breeders Will Soon Be Using Genomic Sires!
Twice the Bull - Half the S**T

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ARE YOU FOR THE BIRDS? The European Starling Problem

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Thursday, February 20th, 2014

We all seek a break from frozen pipes, impassable roads and the added work that snow and colds adds to an already full dairy farming schedule. However, now is not the time to long for spring and the return of birdsong.  Unfortunately, the increasing nuisance of European Starlings is reversing our fondness for birds.

The New Math of Starling Multiplication

European starlings were first introduced to the United States in 1890 with the romantic notion of populating New York’s Central Park with all the species of birds mentioned in Shakespeare’s works (Chapman 1925, Bent 1950). In 1992 it was estimated that the population of starlings has grown to 140-200 million birds. During the winter in Ohio, it is common to observe flocks of 500 to over 2,000 birds with some large winter roosts containing 400,000-600,000 birds.

The First Sign that You’re Losing It!

When was the last time you were amazed at the sight of several hundred (or even a thousand birds) swooping into the trees and fields around your farm?  I’m guessing it was a long time ago. Now instead of counting birds when we see them swoop in, we start adding up the less picturesque effects of these frequent flyers.

Birds of a Feather are Flying Off with Your Profits!

Because of their foreign origin and aggressive behavior, European Starlings are considered an invasive species. These starlings are listed on the World Conservation Union list of the World’s 100 Worst Invasive Species. They are found year round in the continental United States, northern Mexico and southern Canada, expanding further north during summers.  It is estimated that overall bird populations cause an annual loss of $100 million to U.S. agriculture. Cattle feedlots suffer most from wintertime flocks which can reach as high as 100,000 or more per day. These huge flocks of starlings can have a negative impact on the profitability of a dairy farm. They consume huge amounts of livestock feed they spoil what is left with their droppings. Starling droppings may also cause components of steel buildings to degrade. Research in the U.S. by Pimentel in 1999 estimated that these birds cause $800 million dollars of damage to agriculture annually. The average cost of E. coli O157 alone to the cattle industry exceeds $267 million annually (NCBA 2004).

Unfortunately Starlings do NOT eat like birds!!!

Starlings can eat up to 50% of their weight daily. For 5000 birds this results in 250 lbs of feed consumed daily.  If you don’t feel you’re looking at such big numbers, consider that 16 birds eat one pound of feed daily. With the rising price of feed this equals hundreds of dollars in revenue lost in a single day just from lost feed. Birds often consume the more expensive components in the ration such as protein pellets or grain and seldom consume the roughage. That is not the final problem. Starlings poop an ounce out.  Every ounce expelled is filled with e coli, salmonella and other diseases thus contaminating the remaining feed.  Also be aware for every one you see in the spring, there will be 10 more in the fall.  Starlings adapt easily to multiple habitats and may fly between 15 to 30 miles to feed. They will increase their flying distance from roosting sites to feeding areas farther away, if a desirable source of food is plentiful at a more distant location. Individual birds return frequently to the same farm on a daily basis for feeding. They swoop in to get feed put outside for cattle. They damage plastic wrap on bales and leave excrement on everything. They also will sit on overhead rafters in barns and consequently leave manure along the backs of feeding cows as well as leave manure in the feed itself.

Starlings Spread Disease

Another concern is the potential for disease transmission. Since birds often travel from one farm to the next, they pose a threat to farm biosecurity. At livestock operations, starlings may preferentially select high-protein components of cattle rations, leaving the ration protein deficient and resulting in sub-optimal growth and milk production (Johnson and Glahn 1992). Studies have identified that farms on which birds have access to livestock feeds were more likely to have cattle positive for Campylobacter spp. and Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis than farms that had stricter feed hygiene protocols (Wesley et al. 2000, Fredriksen et al. 2004). As many as 65 different diseases transmittable to humans or domestic animals have been associated with pigeons, European starlings, and house sparrows.

Don`t Wing It

Once you have acknowledged that European Starlings are a problem for which solutions must be found, you will be able to stop money from flying off your bottom line.  The first thought might be to put up fake owls but like some other traditional fixes this one only proves that first you have to be smarter than the birds. European starlings know a fake owl from a real owl just the same as you do. Right?  These birds are so adaptable they quickly learn to ignore noise and visual scare tactics.

Practice Bird Control

Possible methods of controlling the European Starling population follow:

  • Sharpshooting with a pellet gun
  • Plastic mesh netting
  • Approved baits
  • Commercial equipment
  • Strips along roof or wherever you see them
  • Spike deterrents
  • $1 store or car dealership flashy fringes on doors, calf hutches etc.
  • Fishing lines strung slightly above beams so birds can`t perch
  • Hire commercial falconers
  • Thorough removal of nesting sites or design modifications of buildings
  • Check government programs that may be available in your area

The Bullvine Bottom Line

Unless you`re being paid as a site for a movie remake of Hitchcock’s  “The Birds”, dealing with European Starlings needs your attention.  Birds have their place but not in your barns and not stealing your feed.  These birds mean business. Lost dairy business. If you are not doing anything, you could be losing a lot.

 

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Other posts you might like:

Milk Replacer MIXUPS That Don’t Really Work!
What’s The Score on Skinny Cows?
10 Steps to Increase the Profitability of Your Dairy Herd

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Global Warming and Its Effect on Dairy Cattle

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Thursday, January 16th, 2014

Over the past few weeks we have certainly seen some extreme weather conditions around the world.  Those on the east coast of North America have been hit by record cold temperatures.  At the same time, those in Australia have been experiencing record hot temperatures.  These extreme weather conditions have many wondering what effects “Global Warming” will have on the dairy cattle  There has been lots of coverage in the media about  dairy cattle and their alleged contribution to greenhouse gases and how that is contributing to Global Warming.  Very little has been addressed about the effects extreme weather conditions have on the dairy cattle themselves.  One thing appears certain.  Extreme heat waves and cold fronts are the new ‘normal’.

As producers know, cow and calf comfort is one of the most important factors in milk production and growth.  As more and more producers are experiencing extreme temperatures, keeping their animals comfortable is becoming harder.  Drastic increases or decreases in ambient temperature affects animal production systems by affecting the health, reproduction, nutrition etc. of the animals and thereby results in poor performance, inferior product quality, outbreak of novel diseases, etc.  Dairy cattle are   more susceptible to increased ambient temperature than other ruminants, because of their high metabolic rate and the poor water retention mechanism of their kidney and gastrointestinal tracts.  Young stock are not immune to these weather stresses either.

Greater temperature shifts and shifts that are more frequent seem to be the most obvious weather changes that will have effects on dairy cattle.  It is forecasted that we can expect even greater atmospheric temperature changes.  Therefore these issues are going to come to the forefront.  The following are the five major impacts   that global warming will have on dairy cattle.

  1. Ambient temperature’s effect on Dry Matter Intake (DMI)
    When cows are stressed their Dry Matter Intake (DMI) decreases.  As the heat rises DMI decreases.  Feed consumption by dairy cattle starts to decline when average daily temperature reaches 25 to 27 Centigrade  (77 to 81 Fahrenheit) and voluntary feed intake can be decreased by 10-35% when ambient temperature reaches 35 C (95 Fahrenheit) and above.  Conversely, cows that are experiencing extreme cold weather conditions increase their DMI intake drastically, but instead of the consumption being converted in to milk production, a much larger portion of their energy is committed to their maintenance energy requirements.  Thermal cold stress conditions result in 20-30% more maintenance energy requirement and an ensuing reduction in the amount of net energy available for growth and production.
  2. Increased respiratory rate
    When dairy cows experience increased thermal stress, their heart rate rises.  The heart rate of the animal under thermal heat stress is higher to ensure more blood flow towards peripheral tissue to dissipate heat from the body core to the skin.  This increased effort takes much needed energy away from milk production.  Respiration rate of the animal can be used as an indicator of the severity of thermal load but several other factors such as animal condition, prior exposures to high temperature etcetera should be considered to interpret the observed respiration rate.
  3. Decreased conception rates
    As weather stress increases, dairy reproduction function decreases, resulting in decreased conception rates.  This is a result of thermal stress that causes imbalance in secretion of reproductive hormones.  High ambient temperature has also been reported to increase incidence of ovarian cysts.  Plasma progesterone levels in animals under high ambient temperatures are low compared to animals that are experiencing thermal comfort.  It has also been reported that high ambient temperature causes poor quality of ovarian follicles resulting in poor reproductive performance in cattle.  Fertility of cattle is also reduced due to low intensity and duration of estrus caused by reduced luteinizing hormone (LH) and estradiol secretion during thermal stress.  In addition, thermal stress also causes decreased reproductive efficiency by increasing the calving interval. Calves born from dams under thermal stress were found to be of lower body weight than those from normal cows.  Additionally the dams had reduced lactation performance due to the carryover effects of thermal stress which occurred during the prepartum period.
  4. Decreased Metabolic Responses
    Under heat stress metabolism is reduced, which is associated with reduced thyroid hormone secretion and gut motility, resulting in increased gut fill.  Plasma growth hormone concentration and secretion rates decline with high temperature (35 ºC / 95 ºF).  Ruminal pH is typically lower in heat stressed cattle
  5. Decreased Milk Production
    Reduction in milk production is one of the major economic impacts of climatic stress upon dairy cattle.  Decrease in milk yield due to thermal heat stress is more prominent in Holstein than in Jersey cattle (Read more…).  Decreased synthesis of hepatic glucose and lower non esterified fatty acid (NEFA) levels in blood during thermal stress causes reduced glucose supply to the mammary glands and results in low lactose synthesis, which in turn leads to low milk yield.  As mentioned earlier, reduction in milk yield is further intensified by decrease in feed consumption by the animals to compensate for high environmental temperature.  Actually 35% of reduced milk production is due to decreased feed intake while the remaining 65% is attributable directly to the thermal stress.  Other factors resulting in reduced milk production during thermal stress are decreased nutrient absorption, negative effects on rumen function and hormonal status and increased maintenance requirements.  These all mean that there is reduced net energy available for production.

To combat heat stress check out these articles (Read more: Are you feeling the heat?  and Heat Stress on Dairy Cattle) and to combat cold stress (Read more: COMMON SENSE, COWS and the UN-COMMON COLD of 2014!,  “COLD CALVES” – The Next Drama Coming to a Calf Pen Near You! and Cold Weather Effects on Dairy Cattle)

The Bullvine Bottom Line

There is no question that the world’s temperatures are changing because of atmospheric pressure changes caused by Global Warming.  Warming or cooling of the climate system of the earth has multifaceted effects on animals.  Intensification and increased frequency of thermal stress due to global warming has the most prominent impact on dairy cattle and causes   different physiological, metabolic and production disturbances.  The importance of responding to thermal stress has been increased for dairy farmers in tropical, subtropical and even in temperate regions of the world due to atmospheric warming.  As these effects increase, it will be increasingly urgent for the milk producers of the world to provide environments that are able to combat these effects and offer the greatest comfort for their cattle.  Global Warming is actually Global Warning for the dairy industry.

 

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Other posts you might like:

Does Your Breeding Program Save You Labor?
Your Dairy Mess & How To Declutter It!
The Hidden Causes of the Recent Boom in Dairy Farm Production Costs

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Forget Genomics – Epigenomics & Nutrigenomics are the Future

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Tuesday, January 14th, 2014

Two months ago I had one of those conversations. A friend said to me “you know Murray I am moving on from just simple genomics”. That perked my ears up and I listened more intently. “Yep I am now thinking about epigenomics”, he said. Well that was enough to set me off investigating what is out there that is beyond what our industry is currently considering and using when it comes to genomic.  Relax a little, this may seem like rocket science today, but it is in tune with what our industry has always done in the past.  We look to find more accurate ways of indentifying the elite animals. Then we figure out how knowing that information gives us ways to make dairy breeders and dairy farming more profitable.

Already Many Steps Too Far?

So now ‘epigenomics’ was pinned to my clipboard. But I didn’t get any further before I had a Master Breeder husband and wife corner me for half an hour and ‘inform’ me that “The Bullvine was leading the industry astray”. They stated to me that “they were from Missouri” and perhaps we should “still only be using the actually officially authenticated information – DHIR records and breed classification results – when it comes to selecting bulls and marketing females.  They asked how can we know that the hair pulled and submitted for DNA testing actually came from said animal.” I have known this couple for almost forty years so I took the discussion on to a review great cows of the past and how they would not compare to the great show and brood cows of today. As we started to conclude our conversation the lady, who had been somewhat quiet during our sharing, commented “You (Murray) have a good point about how the genetic evaluation results over our lifetimes have resulted in the fact that we have far superior cows for both conformation and production, but our herd’s current biggest genetic problem is cows not getting back in calf. We just do not now get to have very many ten year old and older cows in our herd, liked we used to.” That gave me the opportunity to talk to them about genomics and having fairly reliable information, early in an animal’s life, on its genetic merit for reproductive traits.

The husband’s concluding comment warmed my heart. “Our grandson plans to come home to our family farm and he tells us that at university his professors are saying the information we have today on genomics is just the start. So don’t give up on us old guys. You folks at The Bullvine just keep giving us the facts and helping the industry do an even better job of breeding dairy cattle. We don’t own a computer but our family keep us quite up-to-date on what The Bullvine is writing about.”  Obviously this couple are not as set in their ways as they led me to understand at the start of the conversation.

So if we have just scratched the surface, let’s delve a little deeper.

Epigenomics – What’s That?

By definition, epigenomics is the study of modification of the expression of the genetic material in a cell. Sounds rather out of the norm. Something can alter what the DNA says is the genetic merit of an animal? Let’s think that through a bit more.

As cattle breeders we can all think of times when three full sisters all had very similar performance. And I expect many of us can also remember situations where two of the sisters were very similar but the third sister just did not measure up to the other two.  The question that breeders always ask is did the third one not get the good genes, or did she get the good genes but something inhibited her from being able to express them.  I have even heard very knowledgeable breeders say that the third one will breed just a good as the other two.  How they arrived at that conclusion I am not really certain. But I have seen it happen as they predicted.

Research in mice has shown that the diet of a sire can influence the gene expression of their progeny. So that fits under the definition of epigenomics. Dr. Jacques Chesnais of Semex feels that “there is a definite possibility that epigenomics plays as important role in adaption to the environment. In particular, in our industry, the way we feed and treat a cow in the early stage of pregnancy could affect the calf for a lifetime and therefore affect the future productivity of the herd.” Hearing that made me wonder if the recipient dams of ET calves may have an influence on how those calves pass on their genetics.

Leaders in the study of epigenomics in livestock Dr Marc-Andre Sirard and Dr Claude Robert, Laval University, are currently  investigating how epigenomics applies to the bovine and in particular to female reproduction and embryo development. It will be interesting to follow their reports.

There is obviously much to be studied and learned about epigenomics in the bovine. Definitely traits like reproduction, health and immunity are ones that dairy breeders wish to know more about as they relates to inheritance.

So then – What is Nutrigenomics?

The second new kid-on-the-block, so to speak, is nutrigenomics. The study of the effects of foods and food constituents on gene expression. By definition “Nutrigenomics can be described as the influence of genetic variation on nutrition, by correlating gene expression or SNPs with a nutrient’s absorption, metabolism, elimination or biological effects.” Think about it. If we know the genetic make-up of our dairy cows we would be able to design their diets accordingly. Are there cows out there that can make better use of lower quality forages? Wouldn’t that be a boon for the economics of dairy farming. Especially given that feed costs are 52-58% of total dairy enterprise costs and low quality forages are less costly.

I asked two nutritional consultants about this. I got two very different responses. The first one said – “don’t bring that on too quickly I still have another ten to fifteen years in my working career”. The other consultant said “Well it would change my job but if it means dairy farming can be profitable and sustainable and if we can feed the hungry world – well bring it on”.

Expect Genetics to Play an Even Bigger Role in the Future

Investigation by Canadian Dairy Network (CDN) has predicted that, in stable milk pricing times and on milk production focused farms, half of the increased on-farm profits comes from increasing the genetic merit of sires and cows used to produce the next generation of females.  With a better understanding and more definitive knowledge of epigenomics and nutrigenomics it could possibly be that 60+% of on-farm profits could be as a result of the genetics used.

From the DNA analysis using hair follicles, breeders now know with 50-70% accuracy the genetic merit of their animals for a host of important traits. Think what might be possible if by including epigenomics and nutrigenomics information. The accuracy levels could rise to 70-80%.

The Bullvine Bottom Line

The research phase of studying how epigenomics and nutrigenomics relate to the dairy cow is well underway. We can expect refinements to our genetic evaluation procedures based on what the research tells us.  And in time breeders will have information so they can better breed, feed and manage their herds. Stay tuned to the Bullvine for more great insight into these two future changing technologies.


The Dairy Breeders No BS Guide to Genomics

 

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GENOMIC HEIFERS: Understanding who is on top
Is Too Much Water Milking Your Profits?
The Truth About Genomic Indexes – “show me” that they work!

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CRASDALE COMMON SENSE: Go for the Total Package

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Thursday, March 15th, 2012

Informed Viewpoint: Brian Craswell from Hunter River PEI often has the best seat in the house when it comes to studying cattle.  With his wife Amber, he has built Crasdale Farms Inc. into a thriving dairy operation. This lifelong on the job education has been further enhanced by his other business, Brian Craswell Auctions Ltd. Positioned behind the microphone he has the clearest sight lines in the building as great opportunities come and go in sales ring.  Over and over again he witnesses the thrill of getting in on an opportunity or the defeat when that opportunity is missed when the final hammer falls before a decision was made.  His other centre-of-the-showring position as show judge is probably the best view of all.  Brian has judged the Royal Winter Fair (2003) and World Dairy Expo (2010). He has traveled to many countries around the world to share his talent for ranking cattle. Of course Brian Craswell is well positioned to have an informed viewpoint on dairy cattle investing.

Winterbay Goldwyn Lotto EX-95-5YR-USA

Winterbay Goldwyn Lotto EX-95-5YR-USA

Stick to a Winning Strategy:  When looking to invest in dairy cattle Brian starts with his own feelings. “First I have to like them.” In today’s market, he then looks for two other attributes:  cow family and genomics. “I want the total package.” Says Brian who points to Winterbay Goldwyn Lotto as the best investment he ever made in terms of profit and how the animal turned out.

Be Willing to Walk Away: Brian admits that not every deal has been perfect.  He says, “I heard about a cow once and made myself like her.  She wasn’t what I liked and she didn’t turn out.”  He probably wishes he had followed some good advice he was given. “An older dealer told me one time that if you have to make yourself like them, then walk away.”

You Don’t Win Every Time:  Despite knowing what to look for and Brian acknowledges that sometimes you walk away from a deal and sometimes the deal walks away from you. He recalls that this very thing has happened a few times.  “I almost bought Lacoulee Justine Goldwyn when she was a December calf and 4th at a show.  I didn’t and she went on to be Jr Champion at the Royal.  I was runner up on the Jr Champ from the Royal Winter Fair last year when she sold in The Canadian National Convention Sale.” He goes on, “I also was runner-up on Pineland Goldwyn Tidbit when she sold in our Opportunity East Sale as a 2 year old.” You don’t win every time.

PINELAND GOLDWYN TIDBIT VG-89-3YR-CAN

PINELAND GOLDWYN TIDBIT VG-89-3YR-CAN

Take Calculated Risks: Craswell Holsteins has invested in both young stock and already proven cattle.  Going back to his focus on cow families Brian points out, “I will not hesitate to buy young ones from great families that I like. Sometimes the calculated risk of buying them younger enables you to pay a little less.”

Keep Up With the Changing Marketplace:  In the past five years Brian sees that the marketplace “has changed immensely with the emphasis that is being placed on genomics.  This has driven the price of high genomic animals up and, in particular, the younger high animals.” He recognized that debate is going on. “Some would say that genomics has devalued animals.  I would argue that it has raised the bar on the high ones and widened the spread.”

Brian says, “In This Business, You Don’t Have a Crystal Ball”: But then he goes on to say “Genomics is here to say and the use of it will find its place.  Right now it is almost everything in the high end market.” He often refers to his philosophy of balance in the cow business and he foresees “genomics coming into balance with great cow families with numbers”.  Again he focuses on the complete package.

Know the market. Know your customer: There is so much to learn in this business and Brian encourages those who are starting to invest in dairy cattle to “try to find a member of one of the great cow families that has that total package and invest at the top end of genetics right from the start.” Of course this is expensive but by focusing on these top animals “you can cash flow it with embryo sales, while you build your own branch.”

BULLVINE BOTTOM LINE: It’s all about the package.

“You need to have the package that people want to successfully market your cattle business.” Brian Carswell, Crasdale Holsteins.

 

 

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Yvon Chabot: Invest In The Complete Package
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6 Ways to Invest $50,000 in Dairy Cattle Genetics

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Wednesday, March 14th, 2012

If you are like many breeders who see the opportunity to invest in high-end genetics cattle but you’re not quite sure what way to do it, this article is for you. The days of finding that $40,000 2yr old and only having to pay $20,000 are far behind us.  Genomics has changed everything and those who have the top cattle know they have the top ones.  The following are six ways you can invest in top cattle.  We take a look at the risk in relation to the return as well as the outcomes you should expect.

1. The Complete Package – Invest in a $40,000 to $50,000 2yr old

This means you go out and buy the single best 2 year old you can afford in the $40,000 to $50,000 price range.  This means she is the complete package.  She has already calved, will score, or has already scored VG and is from a high in demand genomic family that has proven to be decent flush cattle.  Also remember not to sacrifice sire. It is very important that is animal not only has the top female side, but also the top sire stack.

Based on the above here are the expected inputs: Using the Dairy Cow Investment Calculator here is the expected performance:
Purchase price $50,000.00 Total Revenue per flush $9,187.50
Boarding expense per day $10 Total cost per flush $4,062.50
Years of productive embryo production 3 Total profit per flush $5,125.00
Flushes per year 4 Total heifer sales per year $7,654.50
Flush strike out ratio 25% Total boarding expense $11,460.30
Base cost per flush $650.00 Total promotional expenses $4,000.00
Cost per embryo $150.00 Total Revenue $84,463.50
Recipient price $1,500.00 Total Profit $19,003.20
Conception rate of recipients 45% Return on investment 38%
Sale price per embryo $2,500.00
Sale price per live heifer $12,500.00
Advertising expense/year $1,500.00
Other promotion expense $500.00
Number of embryos per flush 7
Ratio grade A/B embryos 70%
Ugly duckling rate 40%

Analysis:

By purchasing the complete package you limit your risk while still delivering about a 12% return per year.

 

2. Hedge Your Bets – Invest in two $20,000 to $25,000 2yr olds

This means you go out and buy two potential VG two year olds that are decent flush potential, and while their progeny will not be sale toppers they will fit the mid-market.  Warning, buying the 4th best daughter of a cow, or maybe not a popular sire, thinking it will not matter, is a big mistake.

Based on the above here are the expected inputs: Using the Dairy Cow Investment Calculator here is the expected performance:
Purchase price $50,000.00 Total Revenue per flush $4,4100.00
Boarding expense per day $10 Total cost per flush $4,062.50
Years of productive embryo production 3 Total profit per flush $347.50
Flushes per year 4 Total heifer sales per year $11,022.48
Flush strike out ratio 25% Total boarding expense $20,920.60
Base cost per flush $650.00 Total promotional expenses $4,000.00
Cost per embryo $150.00 Total Revenue $41,407.44
Recipient price $1,500.00 Total Profit $(34,513.16)
Conception rate of recipients 45% Return on investment -77%
Sale price per embryo $1,200.00
Sale price per live heifer $9,000.00
Advertising expense/year $1,500.00
Other promotion expense $500.00
Number of embryos per flush 7
Ratio grade A/B embryos 70%
Ugly duckling rate 40%

Analysis:

Contrary to popular belief this mid-market strategy just does not work.  With the increased expenses from double the number of animals as well as the much lower sale price of animals, this strategy actually causes you to lose money.

 

3. They Could Be Big Time – Invest in two $20,000 to $25,000 heifers

This means you go out and buy the two best heifers you can find. That when calved you stand a strong chance of one going VG and is from a high in demand genomic family that has proven to be decent flush cattle.  This equation equates to one of the two turning out and the other one being just an average cow.  Remember: Don’t sacrifice sire stack.

Based on the above here are the expected inputs: Using the Dairy Cow Investment Calculator here is the expected performance:
Purchase price $50,000.00 Total Revenue per flush $9,187.50
Boarding expense per day $10 Total cost per flush $4,062.50
Years of productive embryo production 3 Total profit per flush $5,125.00
Flushes per year 4 Total heifer sales per year $9,185.40
Flush strike out ratio 25% Total boarding expense $11,460.30
Base cost per flush $650.00 Total promotional expenses $4,000.00
Cost per embryo $150.00 Total Revenue $89,056.20
Recipient price $1,500.00 Total Profit $23,595.90
Conception rate of recipients 45% Return on investment 47%
Sale price per embryo $2,500.00
Sale price per live heifer $15,000.00
Advertising expense/year $1,500.00
Other promotion expense $500.00
Number of embryos per flush 7
Ratio grade A/B embryos 70%
Ugly duckling rate 40%

Analysis:

By investing in two heifers you do increase your risk compared to buy a complete package 2 year old but you also increase your potential reward.

 

4. Heifer Hedge Your Bets – Invest in four $10,000 heifers

This means you go out and buy 4 heifers that have potential to be VG two year olds that have decent flush potential, and while their progeny will not be sale toppers they will fit the mid-market.  While the temptation may be to buy heifers of lesser demand sires, the risk in this play is very big.

Based on the above here are the expected inputs: Using the Dairy Cow Investment Calculator here is the expected performance:
Purchase price $50,000.00 Total Revenue per flush $4,410.00
Boarding expense per day $10 Total cost per flush $4,062.50
Years of productive embryo production 3 Total profit per flush $347.50
Flushes per year 4 Total heifer sales per year $11,022.48
Flush strike out ratio 25% Total boarding expense $20,920.60
Base cost per flush $650.00 Total promotional expenses $4,000.00
Cost per embryo $150.00 Total Revenue $41,407.44
Recipient price $1,500.00 Total Profit $(36,513.16)
Conception rate of recipients 45% Return on investment -81%
Sale price per embryo $1,200.00
Sale price per live heifer $9,000.00
Advertising expense/year $1,500.00
Other promotion expense $500.00
Number of embryos per flush 7
Ratio grade A/B embryos 70%
Ugly duckling rate 40%

Analysis:

Again similar to the mid-market cow strategy this approach just doesn’t work.  With the increased expenses from double the number of animals as well as the much lower sale price of animals, this strategy actually causes you to lose money.

 

5.  Go for the Gusto – Invest in best 15 embryos you can find

This means you go out and contract a high-genomic mating from a high in demand genomic family that has proven to be decent flush cattle.  Also, consider that you need to purchase recipients and raise the heifers, leaving you with 7 calves.  For the sake of this equation we will leave the bulls out of it and expect that one of the 3 females turns out as a two year old.

Based on the above here are the expected inputs: Using the Dairy Cow Investment Calculator here is the expected performance:
Purchase price $50,000.00 Total Revenue per flush $9,187.50
Boarding expense per day $10 Total cost per flush $4,062.50
Years of productive embryo production 3 Total profit per flush $5,125.00
Flushes per year 4 Total heifer sales per year $9,185.40
Flush strike out ratio 25% Total boarding expense $11,460.30
Base cost per flush $650.00 Total promotional expenses $4,000.00
Cost per embryo $150.00 Total Revenue $89,056.20
Recipient price $1,500.00 Total Profit $13,595.90
Conception rate of recipients 45% Return on investment -27%
Sale price per embryo $2,500.00
Sale price per live heifer $15,000.00
Advertising expense/year $1,500.00
Other promotion expense $500.00
Number of embryos per flush 7
Ratio grade A/B embryos 70%
Ugly duckling rate 40%

Analysis:

While there is a little less return than going out and buying a 2yr old complete package, when you factor in the X factors of the bulls as well as the fact that 1 of the other 2 heifers could turn out this opportunity provides the maximum return but comes at the maximum potential risk.

6. Embryo Hedge Your Bets – Invest in 30 mid-market embryos

This means you go out and buy 30 embryos from VG two year olds that are decent flush potential, and while their progeny will not be sale toppers they will fit the mid-market.

Based on the above here are the expected inputs: Using the Dairy Cow Investment Calculator here is the expected performance:
Purchase price $50,000.00 Total Revenue per flush $4,410.00
Boarding expense per day $10 Total cost per flush $4,062.50
Years of productive embryo production 3 Total profit per flush $347.50
Flushes per year 4 Total heifer sales per year $11,022.48
Flush strike out ratio 25% Total boarding expense $20,920.60
Base cost per flush $650.00 Total promotional expenses $4,000.00
Cost per embryo $150.00 Total Revenue $40,407.44
Recipient price $1,500.00 Total Profit $(56,513.16)
Conception rate of recipients 45% Return on investment -113%
Sale price per embryo $1,200.00
Sale price per live heifer $9,000.00
Advertising expense/year $1,500.00
Other promotion expense $500.00
Number of embryos per flush 7
Ratio grade A/B embryos 70%
Ugly duckling rate 40%

Analysis:

This is probably the worst investment you could ever make.  With the mass numbers of animals you have to care for as well as the limited return, this strategy is a no go from the start.

 

The Bullvine Bottom Line

While everyone looks at these sales toppers and wonder how they ever make money when they pay so much for these animals, as our return on investment analysis above shows, it’s actually the other way around.  Buying the best genetics you can possibly afford limits your risk and delivers your maximum return. In reality the price difference between the top cattle and the mid-market cattle is actually not large enough.  Remember this analysis is for total return on investment, not overall herd genetic gain.

1. The Complete Package 2. Hedge Your Bets 3. They Could Be Big Time 4. Heifer Hedge Your Bets 5. Go for the Gusto

6. Embryo Hedge Your Bets
Strategy Best 2yr old Two 2 yr olds Two best heifers Four heifers Fifteen best embryos Thirty embryos
Revenue $84,463.50 $41,407.44 $89,056.20 $41,407.44 $89,056.20 $41,407.44
Profit $19,003.20 $(34,513.16) $23,595.90 $(36,513.16) $13,595.90 $(56,513.16)
Risk Low Low Medium Medium High High
Yearly Return On Investment 12% (25)% 12% (20%) 5-25% (18)%
Notes Least risk with a positive reward Biggest loss potential with only limited up side But does have the potential of 24% if both heifers turn out The dream of buying that one that might surprise every one is just that  – a dream.  Genomics has caused that bubble to burst When you factor in that you could have higher conception rates and sale of bulls, this scenario actually has the largest up side, but at the highest risk There is just nothing to say about this. Unless your goal is to improve the overall level of your herd in the shortest amount of time possible.

The bigger question should be whether to buy the best 2 yr. old you can afford, the best heifer, or the best embryos.  The answer  depends more on how fast a return you would like and how much risk you are willing to take.  If you want instant return with the least amount of risk, buy the can’t miss 2 year old.  If you want the maximum return over the long term, buy the best embryos you can get.  And of course if your goals are  somewhere in between, buy the best two heifers you can afford.

The big thing this analysis shows “GO BIG OR GO HOME.”

 

What has your experience been?  Please share in comments box below.

 

 

Not sure how much to spend on that great 2 year old?
Want to make sure you are investing your money wisely?
Download our Dairy Cow Investment Calculator.

Other posts you might like:

10 Tips for Purchasing Dairy Cattle Embryos
Dairy Cattle Showing: For Ego or Profit?
Global Warming and Its Effect on Dairy Cattle

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