Butter mountains and cheese canyons: America’s dairy landscape is shifting faster than milk in a churning vat. With butter stocks hitting a 3-year high and cheese defying gravity, farmers are milking every efficiency drop. But as imports flood in and avian flu looms, is the industry cream of the crop or about to curdle?
Executive Summary
The USDA’s January 2025Cold Storage Report reveals a divided dairy landscape: butter stocks surged to 270.3 million pounds (up 26% month-over-month), the highest January inventory since 2021, while cheese inventories narrowed their annual deficit to 5.7%—the smallest gap since May 2024. Key drivers include record-high butterfat yields, collapsing cream prices, and shifting consumer preferences toward imported butter. Meanwhile, cheese production rebounded via Italian varieties and exports, though looming capacity expansions and trade wars threaten stability. Below, we dissect the data, policy shifts, and market forces reshaping America’s dairy sector.
Butter Stocks: A Perfect Storm of Fat, Feed, and Foreign Competition
Cream Multiples Collapse to Decade Lows
Butter inventories swelled despite stagnant milk production (+0.1% YoY), as butterfat content hit 4.43%—up 11 basis points from 2024. This “fat revolution” added 21.75M extra pounds of butterfat annually, equivalent to 1.2B additional pounds of milk. With cream multiples (cream/butterfat price ratios) plunging to 1.10–1.25x—the lowest since 2015—churns operated at 92% capacity, producing 180M lbs of butter monthly.
Imports Capture 23% of the Retail Market.
Domestic butter demand grew 1.8% in 2024, but EU and NZ imports surged 14%, capturing nearly a quarter of U.S. retail sales. Consumers favor sustainability-labeled imports, while U.S. brands lag in marketing. “We’re making butter Americans don’t want to buy,” Wisconsin churn operator Mark Tolbert admits.
H5N1 Adds Uncertainty
California’s milk production fell 5.7% YoY due to H5N1 avian flu outbreaks, with 38 human cases linked to raw milk consumption. Retail butter prices rose 7.7% YoY as biosecurity costs mounted, though federal pricing mechanisms stabilized farmgate milk at .75/cwt.
Cheese: Italian Varieties Offset American Decline
Cheese Type
Jan 2025 Stock
YoY Change
MoM Change
American-Style
777.6M lbs
-7.4%
+0.8%
Italian Varieties
572.9M lbs
-3.7%
+2.4%
Source: USDA Cold Storage Report
Mozzarella Madness: Italian cheese output hit 6B lbs in 2024 (+2.4% YoY), driven by pizza demand and new Wisconsin plants.
Cheddar Collapse: American-style production fell to 3.85B lbs (-6.1%), its lowest since 2020, as processors prioritized higher-margin exports.
Export Lifeline: Cheese exports absorbed 14% of production, though EU tariffs threaten to erase gains.
Input Costs Squeeze Margins
Feed vs. Labor: A Tug-of-War
Feed Costs: Fell 10.1% YoY to $62.4B in 2025, with corn at $4.17/bushel and soybeans at $11.96/cwt.
Labor Costs: Rose 3.6% to $53.5B—a record high—as H-2A visa shortages persist.
Farms averaging >3.5% milk protein earned $0.45/cwt extra in 2024, while butterfat premiums hit $2.40/lb. However, feed efficiency gains mask rising debt: the average dairy farm now carries .2M in liabilities.
Policy Shocks: Federal Order Overhaul
June 2025 Formula Changes
USDA’s amended Federal Milk Marketing Orders will:
Update skim milk composition factors (+0.1% protein weight).
Exclude barrel cheddar from Class III pricing.
Implement new make allowances ($0.0015/lb marketing cost added).
Impact: Class III milk prices are forecast to drop $0.90/cwt to $19.70, squeezing small herds.
Trade Wars Escalate
Canada: Accused of dumping 250M lbs of subsidized skim milk powder globally.
EU: Threatens 28% tariffs on U.S. cheese if steel disputes intensify.
Farmer Strategies: Survival in a Volatile Market
Component Testing: Herds optimizing for >4.4% butterfat and 3.6% protein capture premium contracts.
Whey Diversification: Permeate partnerships save $45/ton vs. soybean meal.
Manure-to-Energy: Methane digesters cut emissions by 40% while generating revenue by $25K/year.
Futures Hedging: 62% of large farms now hedge against milk price swings.
Consumer Impact: Aisle Shock and Alternatives
Retail Prices: Eggs jumped 36% YoY (Harlem, NY: $12/dozen), while milk hit $7.77/gal in premium markets.
Plant-Based Shift: Soy milk sales rose 18% as cost parity nears—$5.57/4L vs. dairy’s $5.74.
2025 Outlook: Cautious Expansion Amid Risks
Metric
2025 Forecast
Change from 2024
All-Milk Price
$22.75/cwt
+$0.50
Milk Production
227.2B lbs
-0.8B lbs
Cheese Exports
11.9B lbs
+0.2B lbs
H5N1 Outbreaks
12 states
+300% YoY
Sources: USDA
Critical Risks:
Avian Flu: H5N1 detected in 12 states, threatening 5% of milking herds.
Capacity Glut: $4B in new cheese plants (1.2B lbs/year) may invert prices by Q3.
The U.S. dairy sector faces a precarious balance: record component yields clash with saturated demand, labor shortages, and global oversupply. While 2025’s $22.75/cwt all-milk price and falling feed costs offer respite, H5N1, trade wars, and plant-based competition loom large. Success hinges on agility—farmers maximizing protein premiums, processors pivoting to exports, and policymakers stabilizing safety nets. As one Wisconsin farmer summarized: “We’re not just milking cows anymore; we’re milking data.”
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August 2024’s Cold Storage Report reveals a cheese deficit and a butter surplus. What does this mean for your dairy business? Find out more.
Summary:
August 2024’s cold storage report presents a mixed scenario for dairy farmers and industry professionals. Cheese stocks fell 7 million pounds short of forecasts, marking a 6.4% decline from last year. This shortfall partially resulted from a significant revision to July’s data. Although CME cheese blocks were initially undervalued in August, they rallied by mid-September. Conversely, butter stocks exceeded expectations by 5 million pounds, showing a 10.8% increase from the previous year, despite a minor downward revision to July’s numbers. This mixed performance underscores the importance of staying informed in an ever-changing market, as these unexpected shifts could influence your dairy operation‘s future.
Key Takeaways:
Cheese stocks for August were 7 million pounds lower than forecast.
Cheese inventory dropped by 6.4% compared to last year.
July’s cheese stock revision was downward by 3.5 million pounds.
CME blocks were slightly undervalued in August but rallied in September.
Butter stocks exceeded expectations by 5 million pounds.
Butter stock levels increased by 10.8% from last year despite a 1 million pound downward revision in July.
Q3 stocks/use ratio suggests butter prices could drop below $3.00.
The August 2024 Cold Storage Report reveals significant changes in dairy product stocks: cheese stocks are down by 7 million pounds compared to forecasts, a 6.4% decrease from the previous year, while butter stocks have surged, arriving 5 million pounds higher than expected and up 10.8% from last year. According to the research, CME blocks were undervalued in August but recovered with a rise in early September, and butter is now trading below $3.00 owing to increasing supplies. This mixed picture of lower-than-expected cheese and more significant butter stockpiles may influence market patterns and prices in the coming months.
Product
August 2024 Stocks (lbs)
Expected Stocks (lbs)
Year-on-Year Change
Cheese
1,175 million
1,182 million
-6.4%
Butter
319 million
314 million
+10.8%
August 2024: Dairy, Poultry, and Meat Stock Dynamics Revealed
On August 31, 2024, total natural cheese stockpiles in refrigerated warehouses were down marginally from the previous month and by 6.4% from August 31, 2023. Butter stockpiles fell 8% from last month but increased 10.8% from a year earlier.
On August 31, 2024, total frozen poultry supply was up marginally from the previous month but down 5% from a year before. Total chicken stockpiles were up slightly from last month but down 9% from last year. Total pounds of turkey in freezers were somewhat lower than the previous month but up 2% from August 31, 2023
Total frozen fruit supplies were up 3% from the previous month and 9% from a year earlier. Total frozen vegetable supplies were up 16% from the previous month but down 11% from a year earlier.
Total red meat supplies in freezers were down 1% from last month and 2% from the previous year. Total pounds of frozen beef were down 2% from the previous month and somewhat lower than last year. Frozen pork supplies were marginally higher than last month but 3 percent lower than last year. Pork belly stocks were down 39% from last month and 30% from the previous year.
Caught Off Guard: The Unexpected Cheese Stock Shortfall Explained
The unexpected drop in cheese stockpiles, which is 7 million pounds shy of projections, has surprised many. This shortage, indicating a 6.4% decrease from the previous year, is a significant reduction given the steady demand for cheese throughout the market. The question on everyone’s mind is, what caused this discrepancy?
The July figures were revised, resulting in a 3.5 million-pound reduction, mainly impacting Italian cheese kinds. This lower change affected the original projection, causing a ripple effect that altered the August prognosis.
The undervaluation of CME blocks in August exacerbated the problem. Despite the decrease in inventory, the market did not instantly respond. However, we witnessed a correction in early September when CME blocks rallied. This comeback offset the original undervaluation by bringing market prices in line with lower inventory levels.
The butter stocks narrative in August deviated significantly from predictions, with a surplus of 5 million pounds over predicted quantities. This difference represents a noteworthy 10.8% rise over the previous year. While impressive, this expansion comes with its own set of challenges.
It’s worth noting that July’s butter stockpiles were revised lower by 1 million pounds, raising concerns about the accuracy and fluidity of these data. Since these adjustments impact market perception and strategy, they must be scrutinized appropriately. Caution and thoroughness in analyzing such data are crucial for making informed decisions.
So, what does this imply for butter prices? The Q3 stocks/use ratio provides a fascinating narrative. This ratio predicts that butter prices should remain below $3.00, which is now reflected in market movements. Prices have remained negative, owing to increased volume and open interest, bolstering the argument for a butter market valued below $3.00.
This report serves as a timely reminder to monitor inventory fluctuations and market signals as they predict price patterns and guide business choices.
External Forces at Play: Weather, Trade, and Feed Costs Influencing Dairy Stock Levels
Going further into the cold storage records, we discover various external variables that might have altered cheese and butter stock levels. Notably, weather conditions have a significant impact. This year, unexpected weather patterns hindered fodder production, lowering milk output across numerous dairy farms. A hotter-than-average summer in key dairy areas reduced fodder quality, lowering feed prices and straining cattle. This resulted in lesser milk output and less cheese availability.
Additionally, international trade policies put enormous pressure on dairy exporters. Recent disruptions in global commerce, notably strained trade ties with significant dairy importers and exporters, have resulted in uncertainty and swings in export volumes. Tariffs and international policy revisions significantly impact the price and availability of dairy products. For instance, cheese exports dropped due to more onerous trade restrictions, increasing supply deficits.
Furthermore, fluctuations in feed prices have had a significant effect. Rising grain and hay prices stretched dairy producers’ profit margins, and part of these expenses were passed on to processing facilities via increased milk pricing. This economic pressure drove processors to modify their production tactics, concentrating on less perishable goods and contributing to more enormous butter stockpiles.
Understanding these external influences is critical to understanding the dairy sector’s difficulties and complexity. While internal logistics and management play an essential role, it is apparent that external factors such as weather, trade rules, and feed costs have a significant impact on stock levels and, therefore, market pricing. This knowledge puts you in a position of control and preparedness.
Historical Perspectives: Analyzing Cheese and Butter Inventory Trends
Knowing how current stock levels compare to earlier years might give helpful information. Cheese inventories have varied, but the 6.4% decline in August stands out. Cheese stockpiles have consistently trended higher over the last decade, so this dip is an exception rather than part of a more significant trend.
However, butter inventories have been more unpredictable. While a 10.8% rise may seem unexpected, it is consistent with past patterns of changes caused by cyclical production cycles and market demand. Similar rises have happened over the last five years, albeit this year’s jump is on the upper end of the range.
Preparing for Market Shifts: Navigating Cheese and Butter Stock Trends
The forecast for cheese and butter supplies in the following months is becoming a significant subject among dairy specialists. Cheese stockpiles, already lower than predicted, will likely remain tight as we enter the year’s final quarter. This means that prices may continue to be excessive, particularly if demand remains robust. Farmers should regularly monitor inventory levels and market demand to adapt their production plans appropriately.
Butter supplies, which have startled us with their unanticipated excess, are predicted to continue this trend if present production rates and lower-than-expected domestic demand remain unchanged. In conclusion, butter prices may stay under pressure, perhaps falling below $3.00. Farmers may consider this a chance to improve their storage and distribution techniques to avoid adverse income effects.
How can farmers prepare for these anticipated changes? To begin, keeping informed requires frequent perusal of reports and market analysis. Leveraging forward contracts and hedging methods may be helpful to risk management tools. Farmers can also consider diversifying their product offers to ensure a continuous financial flow. Farmers can weather future uncertainty by concentrating on efficient operations and cost control.
Finally, being proactive and adaptive will be critical. Preparation and strategic planning may make all the difference in an industry characterized by volatility and unpredictability.
Strategizing for Shifting Markets: Adapting Your Dairy Operation
What do shifting stock and pricing swings signify for your dairy business? The cheese shortage may look worrying, but it may also result in better pricing for manufacturers who can capitalize on the reduced supply. How will you adjust your output to capitalize on this opportunity? Could investing in specialist cheese kinds, especially Italian ones, provide a competitive advantage?
On the other hand, the unanticipated butter excess provides a unique difficulty. With prices falling below $3.00 owing to an increasing stock/use ratio, dairy farmers and allied enterprises must tread cautiously in this hostile environment. Will you adapt your butter output or look into different products to stay profitable?
Consider market methods like diversifying your product portfolio or locking in pricing with futures contracts. How may these strategies help you maintain your income despite the volatility? Consider how these changes may affect your business and seek new solutions to maintain long-term viability in a changing market context.
Consumer Impact: Price Shifts and Purchasing Patterns at Stake
It’s critical to evaluate how these inventory levels may affect customers. Will the lower cheese inventory and increased butter supply significantly change retail prices? Prices have historically risen as inventory levels fall owing to supply restrictions. This might make your favorite block of cheddar or mozzarella a little more expensive in the coming months. Conversely, an oversupply of butter may result in more steady or cheaper pricing, which would be a welcome respite given the high cost of other supermarket items.
How may this transition influence customer behavior and demand? When prices rise, customers typically change their shopping patterns. Increased cheese prices may encourage families and restaurants to seek alternatives or cut consumption. Conversely, competitive butter pricing may increase consumption, encouraging bakers and home chefs to use more in their recipes. This pricing dynamic may cause significant changes in purchasing habits in homes and across the food service sector.
The Bottom Line
The August cold storage report indicated a significant deficiency in cheese stockpiles and an unexpected excess in butter. Cheese inventories declined by 7 million pounds from previous estimates, indicating tighter supply and likely price revisions. In contrast, butter stockpiles increased by 5 million pounds more than expected, driving prices down in a dismal market. These divergent patterns highlight the need for adaptive market strategies and regular reassessment of inventory management practices.
What does this imply for your dairy business? How will you respond to these market changes and capitalize on new opportunities? Staying informed and proactive is more important than ever. With economic elements in motion, staying on top of these developments will undoubtedly influence your performance. Continually assess the broader economic situation and be prepared for the unexpected.
Bullvine Daily is your essential e-zine for staying ahead in the dairy industry. With over 30,000 subscribers, we bring you the week’s top news, helping you manage tasks efficiently. Stay informed about milk production, tech adoption, and more, so you can concentrate on your dairy operations.
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